Cumulative CO₂ emissions, per square kilometre by country
Cumulative CO₂ emissions divided by Land area (sq. km), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.
Countries reporting
204
Highest
3.06 million tonnes per square kilometre
Singapore
Lowest
19.18 tonnes per square kilometre
Central African Republic
Median
8,600 tonnes per square kilometre
Years covered
63
1961–2023
Data points
11,422
What the numbers show
Cumulative CO₂ emissions, per square kilometre is currently reported for 204 countries. The highest value is 3.06 million tonnes per square kilometre in Singapore; the lowest is 19.18 tonnes per square kilometre in Central African Republic.
The median across all reporting countries is 8,600 tonnes per square kilometre, and the mean is 90,389 tonnes per square kilometre.
Cumulative CO₂ emissions, per square kilometre: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Singapore | 3.06 million tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 27.0% | volatile |
| 2 | Sint Maarten (Dutch part) | 1.81 million tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 12.9% | rising |
| 3 | Macao | 1.71 million tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 20.3% | volatile |
| 4 | Hong Kong | 1.64 million tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 29.3% | volatile |
| 5 | Bahrain | 1.34 million tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 42.6% | volatile |
| 6 | Curacao | 1.19 million tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 8.3% | rising |
| 7 | Bermuda | 564,352 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 23.3% | volatile |
| 8 | Belgium | 420,434 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 7.5% | rising |
| 9 | Aruba | 415,822 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 13.2% | volatile |
| 10 | Netherlands | 360,763 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 14.0% | rising |
| 11 | Malta | 342,169 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 18.4% | volatile |
| 12 | United Kingdom | 329,709 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 4.8% | rising |
| 13 | Trinidad and Tobago | 326,782 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 31.1% | volatile |
| 14 | Luxembourg | 301,419 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 12.7% | rising |
| 15 | Germany | 270,622 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 8.1% | rising |
| 16 | Nauru | 250,640 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 12.2% | volatile |
| 17 | Qatar | 214,540 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 72.5% | volatile |
| 18 | Kuwait | 210,236 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 36.2% | volatile |
| 19 | South Korea | 206,188 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 45.1% | volatile |
| 20 | Japan | 188,306 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 19.5% | volatile |
| 21 | Czechia | 158,826 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 8.9% | rising |
| 22 | Barbados | 145,372 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 27.3% | volatile |
| 23 | Israel | 118,068 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 30.6% | volatile |
| 24 | Maldives | 105,194 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 125.8% | volatile |
| 25 | Denmark | 104,282 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 8.5% | rising |
| 26 | Poland | 93,940 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 12.3% | rising |
| 27 | Italy | 86,920 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 15.2% | volatile |
| 28 | Slovakia | 83,179 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 9.3% | rising |
| 29 | Switzerland | 79,120 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 13.2% | rising |
| 30 | United Arab Emirates | 78,883 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 60.7% | volatile |
| 31 | Brunei | 78,882 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 31.3% | volatile |
| 32 | Lebanon | 76,156 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 41.6% | volatile |
| 33 | France | 73,816 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 8.5% | rising |
| 34 | Austria | 68,993 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 12.8% | rising |
| 35 | Mauritius | 64,366 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 50.2% | volatile |
| 36 | Liechtenstein | 61,431 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 17.5% | volatile |
| 37 | Antigua and Barbuda | 59,670 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 30.4% | volatile |
| 38 | Hungary | 56,365 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 9.1% | rising |
| 39 | Ukraine | 53,666 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 7.2% | rising |
| 40 | United States | 47,004 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 13.6% | rising |
| 41 | North Korea | 45,097 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 11.2% | volatile |
| 42 | Slovenia | 44,632 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 17.8% | rising |
| 43 | Jamaica | 44,026 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 19.9% | volatile |
| 44 | Moldova | 41,088 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 3.8% | rising |
| 45 | British Virgin Islands | 40,458 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 46.3% | volatile |
| 46 | Estonia | 38,852 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 11.2% | rising |
| 47 | Romania | 38,218 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 9.5% | rising |
| 48 | Bulgaria | 36,409 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 12.3% | volatile |
| 49 | Andorra | 34,533 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 38.3% | volatile |
| 50 | Serbia | 34,283 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 22.6% | rising |
| 51 | Cyprus | 34,010 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 29.4% | volatile |
| 52 | Ireland | 33,867 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 19.1% | volatile |
| 53 | Seychelles | 33,611 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 59.2% | volatile |
| 54 | Greece | 32,920 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 18.4% | volatile |
| 55 | Azerbaijan | 31,425 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 16.6% | rising |
| 56 | Spain | 30,979 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 19.1% | volatile |
| 57 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 29,904 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 45.3% | volatile |
| 58 | Portugal | 29,824 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 20.5% | volatile |
| 59 | China | 29,058 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 64.2% | volatile |
| 60 | Grenada | 27,270 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 48.2% | volatile |
| 61 | Saint Lucia | 26,096 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 45.4% | volatile |
| 62 | Lithuania | 25,520 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 9.1% | rising |
| 63 | Belarus | 25,265 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 13.1% | rising |
| 64 | Palau | 24,288 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 23.6% | rising |
| 65 | Faroe Islands | 24,041 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 29.3% | volatile |
| 66 | Marshall Islands | 21,410 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 60.6% | volatile |
| 67 | India | 21,149 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 67.6% | volatile |
| 68 | North Macedonia | 21,070 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 15.2% | rising |
| 69 | Croatia | 20,840 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 18.0% | rising |
| 70 | Malaysia | 20,552 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 62.5% | volatile |
| 71 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 20,001 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 25.4% | rising |
| 72 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 19,772 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 44.4% | volatile |
| 73 | South Africa | 18,455 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 25.2% | volatile |
| 74 | Bahamas | 17,731 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 16.2% | volatile |
| 75 | Dominican Republic | 17,346 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 46.5% | volatile |
| 76 | Cuba | 17,242 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 16.3% | volatile |
| 77 | Vietnam | 16,903 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 110.4% | volatile |
| 78 | Turkey | 16,078 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 51.9% | volatile |
| 79 | Thailand | 15,738 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 52.4% | volatile |
| 80 | Latvia | 15,656 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 7.9% | rising |
| 81 | Uzbekistan | 15,004 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 18.9% | rising |
| 82 | Bangladesh | 14,561 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 90.0% | volatile |
| 83 | Armenia | 14,158 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 19.9% | rising |
| 84 | Iran | 12,954 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 51.6% | volatile |
| 85 | Philippines | 12,774 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 53.7% | volatile |
| 86 | Sweden | 12,514 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 8.6% | rising |
| 87 | El Salvador | 12,336 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 37.0% | volatile |
| 88 | Palestine | 12,151 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 91.3% | volatile |
| 89 | Iraq | 11,787 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 53.8% | volatile |
| 90 | Mexico | 11,088 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 27.4% | volatile |
| 91 | Albania | 11,076 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 19.6% | volatile |
| 92 | Syria | 11,022 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 19.0% | volatile |
| 93 | Finland | 10,840 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 14.4% | volatile |
| 94 | French Polynesia | 9,823 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 34.1% | volatile |
| 95 | Tuvalu | 9,525 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 50.0% | volatile |
| 96 | Georgia | 9,362 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 19.1% | rising |
| 97 | New Caledonia | 9,107 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 45.9% | volatile |
| 98 | Montenegro | 8,904 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 23.8% | rising |
| 99 | Sri Lanka | 8,843 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 60.2% | volatile |
| 100 | Venezuela | 8,810 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 19.3% | volatile |
| 101 | Indonesia | 8,775 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 58.6% | volatile |
| 102 | Jordan | 8,674 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 45.3% | volatile |
| 103 | Saudi Arabia | 8,526 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 55.6% | volatile |
| 104 | Turks and Caicos Islands | 7,607 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 92.8% | volatile |
| 105 | Norway | 7,550 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 18.7% | rising |
| 106 | New Zealand | 7,519 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 21.1% | rising |
| 107 | Russia | 7,390 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 16.0% | rising |
| 108 | Egypt | 7,246 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 51.2% | volatile |
| 109 | Pakistan | 7,213 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 53.4% | volatile |
| 110 | Dominica | 7,098 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 45.1% | volatile |
| 111 | Micronesia (country) | 6,725 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 43.6% | volatile |
| 112 | Tunisia | 6,652 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 42.6% | volatile |
| 113 | Tonga | 6,625 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 39.8% | volatile |
| 114 | Turkmenistan | 5,662 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 37.6% | rising |
| 115 | Equatorial Guinea | 5,575 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 79.9% | volatile |
| 116 | Kazakhstan | 5,427 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 25.0% | rising |
| 117 | Costa Rica | 5,426 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 38.8% | volatile |
| 118 | Ecuador | 5,416 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 42.2% | volatile |
| 119 | Oman | 5,140 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 81.5% | volatile |
| 120 | Nigeria | 5,023 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 36.8% | volatile |
| 121 | Panama | 4,689 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 43.1% | volatile |
| 122 | Guatemala | 4,628 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 54.9% | volatile |
| 123 | Kyrgyzstan | 4,544 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 13.1% | rising |
| 124 | Chile | 4,370 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 34.6% | volatile |
| 125 | Morocco | 4,362 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 49.0% | volatile |
| 126 | Cape Verde | 4,050 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 51.8% | volatile |
| 127 | Sao Tome and Principe | 4,035 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 56.4% | volatile |
| 128 | Canada | 3,995 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 21.2% | rising |
| 129 | Comoros | 3,741 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 92.9% | volatile |
| 130 | Tajikistan | 3,653 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 19.5% | rising |
| 131 | Colombia | 3,343 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 33.1% | volatile |
| 132 | Argentina | 3,282 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 25.7% | volatile |
| 133 | Haiti | 3,116 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 55.1% | volatile |
| 134 | Fiji | 2,880 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 35.1% | volatile |
| 135 | Kiribati | 2,786 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 40.9% | volatile |
| 136 | Samoa | 2,706 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 48.6% | volatile |
| 137 | Uruguay | 2,678 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 17.1% | rising |
| 138 | Honduras | 2,658 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 55.8% | volatile |
| 139 | Australia | 2,555 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 25.4% | volatile |
| 140 | Eswatini | 2,533 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 28.9% | volatile |
| 141 | Lesotho | 2,298 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 49.4% | volatile |
| 142 | Algeria | 2,216 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 49.3% | volatile |
| 143 | Brazil | 2,120 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 38.6% | volatile |
| 144 | Zimbabwe | 2,118 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 15.6% | rising |
| 145 | Ghana | 1,782 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 69.6% | volatile |
| 146 | Gambia | 1,667 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 64.9% | volatile |
| 147 | Iceland | 1,665 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 25.8% | volatile |
| 148 | Peru | 1,634 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 36.5% | volatile |
| 149 | Nicaragua | 1,596 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 36.8% | volatile |
| 150 | Senegal | 1,488 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 66.8% | volatile |
| 151 | Nepal | 1,488 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 158.7% | volatile |
| 152 | Rwanda | 1,430 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 64.3% | volatile |
| 153 | Libya | 1,378 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 33.3% | volatile |
| 154 | Togo | 1,358 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 44.3% | volatile |
| 155 | Yemen | 1,322 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 21.9% | volatile |
| 156 | Cambodia | 1,301 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 204.3% | volatile |
| 157 | Cote d'Ivoire | 1,212 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 44.0% | volatile |
| 158 | Gabon | 1,171 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 22.8% | volatile |
| 159 | Benin | 1,085 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 82.4% | volatile |
| 160 | Myanmar | 1,067 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 66.3% | volatile |
| 161 | Belize | 952.29 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 45.5% | volatile |
| 162 | Laos | 947.17 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 404.3% | volatile |
| 163 | Kenya | 912.56 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 47.7% | volatile |
| 164 | Djibouti | 886.83 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 31.3% | volatile |
| 165 | Suriname | 783.59 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 27.7% | volatile |
| 166 | East Timor | 771.29 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 127.1% | volatile |
| 167 | Bhutan | 737.8 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 115.2% | volatile |
| 168 | Cameroon | 633.82 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 47.6% | volatile |
| 169 | Uganda | 623.63 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 76.8% | volatile |
| 170 | Burundi | 614.14 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 66.1% | volatile |
| 171 | Malawi | 590.53 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 36.9% | volatile |
| 172 | Angola | 575.32 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 46.2% | volatile |
| 173 | Sierra Leone | 570.59 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 41.6% | volatile |
| 174 | Bolivia | 565.38 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 54.7% | volatile |
| 175 | Liberia | 536.35 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 17.1% | volatile |
| 176 | Guyana | 534.39 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 24.1% | volatile |
| 177 | Congo | 533.64 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 60.1% | volatile |
| 178 | Mongolia | 524.07 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 81.9% | volatile |
| 179 | Paraguay | 506.53 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 59.2% | volatile |
| 180 | Papua New Guinea | 444.65 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 57.8% | volatile |
| 181 | Vanuatu | 438.87 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 47.3% | volatile |
| 182 | Guinea | 414.74 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 56.2% | volatile |
| 183 | Solomon Islands | 404.25 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 35.2% | volatile |
| 184 | Zambia | 388.48 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 40.9% | rising |
| 185 | Tanzania | 366.71 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 91.1% | volatile |
| 186 | Afghanistan | 355.41 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 73.6% | volatile |
| 187 | Burkina Faso | 326.32 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 132.4% | volatile |
| 188 | Botswana | 312.1 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 62.9% | volatile |
| 189 | Guinea-Bissau | 282.47 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 44.0% | volatile |
| 190 | Ethiopia | 276.82 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 99.1% | rising |
| 191 | Sudan | 267.25 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 58.5% | rising |
| 192 | Mozambique | 257.64 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 61.1% | rising |
| 193 | Madagascar | 185.85 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 53.3% | volatile |
| 194 | Eritrea | 151.52 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 51.7% | rising |
| 195 | Democratic Republic of Congo | 102.69 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 22.1% | rising |
| 196 | Namibia | 101.7 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 71.6% | volatile |
| 197 | Mauritania | 91.81 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 74.5% | volatile |
| 198 | Greenland | 84.24 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 18.7% | volatile |
| 199 | Mali | 76.4 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 136.9% | volatile |
| 200 | South Sudan | 69.37 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 62.3% | rising |
| 201 | Somalia | 64.74 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 35.9% | volatile |
| 202 | Niger | 46.05 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 75.6% | volatile |
| 203 | Chad | 38.53 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 103.0% | volatile |
| 204 | Central African Republic | 19.18 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 32.0% | volatile |
How this figure is calculated
Cumulative CO₂ emissions divided by Land area (sq. km), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.
Cumulative CO₂ emissions ÷ Land area (sq. km)
Computed from
- Cumulative CO₂ emissions Global Carbon Budget (2025) – with major processing by Our World in Data
- Land area FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
Statizoid computes this series; the underlying measurements belong to the publishers named above. The arithmetic is applied to every country and year where both inputs report, and nothing is estimated unless the page says so.
About this data
Cumulative CO₂ emissions divided by Land area (sq. km), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.