emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate in Israel
Israel: emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate was 8.97 % change on previous year in 2022. ◆ Volatile
Latest (2022)
8.97 % change on previous year
Change on year
up 556.7%
World rank
1st
of 219 countries
All-time high
178.71 % change on previous year
in 2015
All-time low
-28.26 % change on previous year
in 1939
Years of data
271
1751–2022
emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate in Israel, 1751–2022
Source: Statizoid (derived). Measured in % change on previous year.
Analysis
Israel recorded 8.97 % change on previous year for emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate in 2022.
That represents a change of up 556.7% on the previous year and up 233.3% over ten years.
Over the whole period, emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate in Israel peaked at 178.71 % change on previous year in 2015 and was at its lowest, -28.26 % change on previous year, in 1939.
Israel ranks 1st of 219 countries on this measure, in the top 10%.
The series is highly variable year to year, so single readings are best treated with caution.
emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate in Israel, year by year
| Year | % change on previous year | Change |
|---|---|---|
| 1751 | 0.388 % change on previous year | — |
| 1752 | 0.3854 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1753 | 0.3827 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1754 | 0.3803 % change on previous year | -0.6% |
| 1755 | 0.3776 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1756 | 0.3752 % change on previous year | -0.6% |
| 1757 | 0.3727 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1758 | 0.3703 % change on previous year | -0.6% |
| 1759 | 0.3678 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1760 | 0.3653 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1761 | 0.3759 % change on previous year | +2.9% |
| 1762 | 0.3734 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1763 | 0.3707 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1764 | 0.3681 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1765 | 0.3655 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1766 | 0.363 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1767 | 0.3605 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1768 | 0.358 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1769 | 0.3554 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1770 | 0.3531 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1771 | 0.3624 % change on previous year | +2.6% |
| 1772 | 0.3598 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1773 | 0.3571 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1774 | 0.3545 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1775 | 0.3518 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1776 | 0.3493 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1777 | 0.3467 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1778 | 0.3442 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1779 | 0.3417 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1780 | 0.3392 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1781 | 0.3472 % change on previous year | +2.3% |
| 1782 | 0.3446 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1783 | 0.3418 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1784 | 0.3391 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1785 | 0.3364 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1786 | 0.3339 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1787 | 0.3314 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1788 | 0.3287 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1789 | 0.3262 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1790 | 0.3236 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1791 | 0.3299 % change on previous year | +1.9% |
| 1792 | 0.3274 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1793 | 0.3243 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1794 | 0.3223 % change on previous year | -0.6% |
| 1795 | 0.3193 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1796 | 0.3163 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1797 | 0.3143 % change on previous year | -0.6% |
| 1798 | 0.3104 % change on previous year | -1.2% |
| 1799 | 0.3094 % change on previous year | -0.3% |
| 1800 | 0.3055 % change on previous year | -1.3% |
| 1801 | 0.3104 % change on previous year | +1.6% |
| 1802 | 0.3085 % change on previous year | -0.6% |
| 1803 | 0.3047 % change on previous year | -1.2% |
| 1804 | 0.3028 % change on previous year | -0.6% |
| 1805 | 0.299 % change on previous year | -1.3% |
| 1806 | 0.2971 % change on previous year | -0.6% |
| 1807 | 0.2934 % change on previous year | -1.3% |
| 1808 | 0.2916 % change on previous year | -0.6% |
| 1809 | 0.2889 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1810 | 0.2861 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1811 | 0.3013 % change on previous year | +5.3% |
| 1812 | 0.2985 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1813 | 0.2949 % change on previous year | -1.2% |
| 1814 | 0.293 % change on previous year | -0.6% |
| 1815 | 0.2894 % change on previous year | -1.2% |
| 1816 | 0.2858 % change on previous year | -1.3% |
| 1817 | 0.284 % change on previous year | -0.6% |
| 1818 | 0.2805 % change on previous year | -1.3% |
| 1819 | 0.2778 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1820 | 0.2743 % change on previous year | -1.3% |
| 1821 | 0.2772 % change on previous year | +1.1% |
| 1822 | 0.2728 % change on previous year | -1.6% |
| 1823 | 0.2703 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1824 | 0.2668 % change on previous year | -1.3% |
| 1825 | 0.2643 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1826 | 0.2609 % change on previous year | -1.3% |
| 1827 | 0.2575 % change on previous year | -1.3% |
| 1828 | 0.2541 % change on previous year | -1.3% |
| 1829 | 0.2517 % change on previous year | -1.0% |
| 1830 | 0.2493 % change on previous year | -1.0% |
| 1831 | 0.2478 % change on previous year | -0.6% |
| 1832 | 0.2445 % change on previous year | -1.3% |
| 1833 | 0.2404 % change on previous year | -1.7% |
| 1834 | 0.238 % change on previous year | -1.0% |
| 1835 | 0.2348 % change on previous year | -1.3% |
| 1836 | 0.2307 % change on previous year | -1.7% |
| 1837 | 0.2284 % change on previous year | -1.0% |
| 1838 | 0.2253 % change on previous year | -1.4% |
| 1839 | 0.2213 % change on previous year | -1.8% |
| 1840 | 0.219 % change on previous year | -1.0% |
| 1841 | 0.2142 % change on previous year | -2.2% |
| 1842 | 0.2111 % change on previous year | -1.4% |
| 1843 | 0.2081 % change on previous year | -1.4% |
| 1844 | 0.2033 % change on previous year | -2.3% |
| 1845 | 0.2012 % change on previous year | -1.1% |
| 1846 | 0.1974 % change on previous year | -1.9% |
| 1847 | 0.1935 % change on previous year | -1.9% |
| 1848 | 0.1906 % change on previous year | -1.5% |
| 1849 | 0.1868 % change on previous year | -2.0% |
| 1850 | 0.1839 % change on previous year | -1.6% |
| 1851 | 0.1767 % change on previous year | -3.9% |
| 1852 | 0.1721 % change on previous year | -2.6% |
| 1853 | 0.1684 % change on previous year | -2.1% |
| 1854 | 0.1656 % change on previous year | -1.7% |
| 1855 | 0.1611 % change on previous year | -2.7% |
| 1856 | 0.1574 % change on previous year | -2.3% |
| 1857 | 0.1538 % change on previous year | -2.3% |
| 1858 | 0.1502 % change on previous year | -2.3% |
| 1859 | 0.1475 % change on previous year | -1.8% |
| 1860 | 0.143 % change on previous year | -3.0% |
| 1861 | -0.2789 % change on previous year | -295.0% |
| 1862 | -0.2805 % change on previous year | +0.6% |
| 1863 | -0.2822 % change on previous year | +0.6% |
| 1864 | -0.2838 % change on previous year | +0.6% |
| 1865 | -0.2855 % change on previous year | +0.6% |
| 1866 | -0.2863 % change on previous year | +0.3% |
| 1867 | -0.2888 % change on previous year | +0.9% |
| 1868 | -0.2897 % change on previous year | +0.3% |
| 1869 | -0.2914 % change on previous year | +0.6% |
| 1870 | -0.2939 % change on previous year | +0.9% |
| 1871 | -0.3311 % change on previous year | +12.6% |
| 1872 | -0.334 % change on previous year | +0.9% |
| 1873 | -0.3351 % change on previous year | +0.3% |
| 1874 | -0.338 % change on previous year | +0.9% |
| 1875 | -0.3391 % change on previous year | +0.3% |
| 1876 | -0.342 % change on previous year | +0.9% |
| 1877 | -0.3432 % change on previous year | +0.3% |
| 1878 | -0.3461 % change on previous year | +0.9% |
| 1879 | -0.3482 % change on previous year | +0.6% |
| 1880 | -0.3494 % change on previous year | +0.3% |
| 1881 | -0.3945 % change on previous year | +12.9% |
| 1882 | -0.3961 % change on previous year | +0.4% |
| 1883 | -0.3994 % change on previous year | +0.9% |
| 1884 | -0.402 % change on previous year | +0.6% |
| 1885 | -0.4045 % change on previous year | +0.6% |
| 1886 | -0.408 % change on previous year | +0.9% |
| 1887 | -0.4096 % change on previous year | +0.4% |
| 1888 | -0.4122 % change on previous year | +0.6% |
| 1889 | -0.4158 % change on previous year | +0.9% |
| 1890 | -0.4175 % change on previous year | +0.4% |
| 1891 | -0.4696 % change on previous year | +12.5% |
| 1892 | -0.4737 % change on previous year | +0.9% |
| 1893 | -0.4759 % change on previous year | +0.5% |
| 1894 | -0.4801 % change on previous year | +0.9% |
| 1895 | -0.4834 % change on previous year | +0.7% |
| 1896 | -0.4867 % change on previous year | +0.7% |
| 1897 | -0.49 % change on previous year | +0.7% |
| 1898 | -0.4943 % change on previous year | +0.9% |
| 1899 | -0.4978 % change on previous year | +0.7% |
| 1900 | -0.5012 % change on previous year | +0.7% |
| 1901 | -3.26 % change on previous year | +549.8% |
| 1902 | -3.33 % change on previous year | +2.2% |
| 1903 | -3.4 % change on previous year | +2.2% |
| 1904 | -3.48 % change on previous year | +2.3% |
| 1905 | -3.56 % change on previous year | +2.4% |
| 1906 | -3.65 % change on previous year | +2.4% |
| 1907 | -3.74 % change on previous year | +2.5% |
| 1908 | -3.84 % change on previous year | +2.6% |
| 1909 | -3.94 % change on previous year | +2.7% |
| 1910 | -4.05 % change on previous year | +2.8% |
| 1911 | -3.58 % change on previous year | -11.6% |
| 1912 | -3.71 % change on previous year | +3.7% |
| 1913 | -3.85 % change on previous year | +3.7% |
| 1914 | -4 % change on previous year | +3.8% |
| 1915 | -4.16 % change on previous year | +4.0% |
| 1916 | -4.33 % change on previous year | +4.1% |
| 1917 | -4.51 % change on previous year | +4.2% |
| 1918 | -4.71 % change on previous year | +4.4% |
| 1919 | -4.92 % change on previous year | +4.5% |
| 1920 | -5.15 % change on previous year | +4.7% |
| 1921 | -5.07 % change on previous year | -1.6% |
| 1922 | -5.31 % change on previous year | +4.8% |
| 1923 | -5.58 % change on previous year | +5.0% |
| 1924 | -5.87 % change on previous year | +5.3% |
| 1925 | -6.2 % change on previous year | +5.5% |
| 1926 | -6.56 % change on previous year | +5.8% |
| 1927 | -6.96 % change on previous year | +6.2% |
| 1928 | -7.42 % change on previous year | +6.6% |
| 1929 | -7.94 % change on previous year | +7.0% |
| 1930 | -8.51 % change on previous year | +7.2% |
| 1931 | -9.28 % change on previous year | +9.1% |
| 1932 | -10.1 % change on previous year | +8.8% |
| 1933 | -11.09 % change on previous year | +9.8% |
| 1934 | -12.32 % change on previous year | +11.1% |
| 1935 | -13.83 % change on previous year | +12.2% |
| 1936 | -15.86 % change on previous year | +14.7% |
| 1937 | -18.51 % change on previous year | +16.7% |
| 1938 | -22.42 % change on previous year | +21.1% |
| 1939 | -28.26 % change on previous year | +26.1% |
| 1940 | 2.08 % change on previous year | -107.4% |
| 1941 | 1.74 % change on previous year | -16.3% |
| 1942 | 1.87 % change on previous year | +7.3% |
| 1943 | 1.45 % change on previous year | -22.6% |
| 1944 | 1.44 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1945 | 1.25 % change on previous year | -13.0% |
| 1946 | 1.4 % change on previous year | +12.0% |
| 1947 | 1.19 % change on previous year | -15.2% |
| 1948 | 0.658 % change on previous year | -44.6% |
| 1949 | 0.9861 % change on previous year | +49.9% |
| 1951 | 78.83 % change on previous year | +7894.1% |
| 1952 | 25.31 % change on previous year | -67.9% |
| 1953 | 8.04 % change on previous year | -68.2% |
| 1954 | 4.53 % change on previous year | -43.6% |
| 1955 | 7.42 % change on previous year | +64.0% |
| 1956 | -1.42 % change on previous year | -119.1% |
| 1957 | 4.7 % change on previous year | -430.7% |
| 1958 | 4.21 % change on previous year | -10.4% |
| 1959 | -2.31 % change on previous year | -155.0% |
| 1960 | 13.92 % change on previous year | -701.3% |
| 1961 | 4.51 % change on previous year | -67.6% |
| 1962 | 9 % change on previous year | +99.8% |
| 1963 | 0.3337 % change on previous year | -96.3% |
| 1964 | 8.51 % change on previous year | +2448.9% |
| 1965 | 35.73 % change on previous year | +320.0% |
| 1966 | 0.7738 % change on previous year | -97.8% |
| 1967 | -3.4 % change on previous year | -539.6% |
| 1968 | -2.9 % change on previous year | -14.9% |
| 1969 | 3.13 % change on previous year | -208.0% |
| 1970 | 9.13 % change on previous year | +192.0% |
| 1971 | -1.11 % change on previous year | -112.2% |
| 1972 | -2.22 % change on previous year | +100.0% |
| 1973 | 12.88 % change on previous year | -680.6% |
| 1974 | -1.37 % change on previous year | -110.6% |
| 1975 | 0.33 % change on previous year | -124.1% |
| 1976 | 2.99 % change on previous year | +807.4% |
| 1977 | 1.87 % change on previous year | -37.5% |
| 1978 | 6.83 % change on previous year | +265.3% |
| 1979 | 2.5 % change on previous year | -63.4% |
| 1980 | -2 % change on previous year | -180.3% |
| 1981 | 4.12 % change on previous year | -305.5% |
| 1982 | 7.59 % change on previous year | +84.3% |
| 1983 | 8.42 % change on previous year | +10.9% |
| 1984 | -0.742 % change on previous year | -108.8% |
| 1985 | 8.7 % change on previous year | -1272.9% |
| 1986 | 9.63 % change on previous year | +10.7% |
| 1987 | 19.47 % change on previous year | +102.1% |
| 1988 | 4.25 % change on previous year | -78.2% |
| 1989 | 6.15 % change on previous year | +44.8% |
| 1990 | 2.39 % change on previous year | -61.2% |
| 1991 | -8.23 % change on previous year | -445.0% |
| 1992 | -0.6227 % change on previous year | -92.4% |
| 1993 | -4.82 % change on previous year | +674.2% |
| 1994 | -0.9402 % change on previous year | -80.5% |
| 1995 | 8.89 % change on previous year | -1045.3% |
| 1996 | 2.65 % change on previous year | -70.1% |
| 1997 | 5.31 % change on previous year | +100.1% |
| 1998 | -4.72 % change on previous year | -188.9% |
| 1999 | 7.53 % change on previous year | -259.4% |
| 2000 | -0.4838 % change on previous year | -106.4% |
| 2001 | 2.56 % change on previous year | -628.7% |
| 2002 | 8.03 % change on previous year | +213.9% |
| 2003 | -3.34 % change on previous year | -141.5% |
| 2004 | -6.81 % change on previous year | +104.1% |
| 2005 | -7.07 % change on previous year | +3.8% |
| 2006 | -16.64 % change on previous year | +135.5% |
| 2007 | -6.56 % change on previous year | -60.6% |
| 2008 | -2.75 % change on previous year | -58.1% |
| 2009 | -12.44 % change on previous year | +352.3% |
| 2010 | 5.01 % change on previous year | -140.3% |
| 2011 | 0.9807 % change on previous year | -80.4% |
| 2012 | -6.73 % change on previous year | -786.2% |
| 2013 | -4.69 % change on previous year | -30.3% |
| 2014 | 4.68 % change on previous year | -199.8% |
| 2015 | 178.71 % change on previous year | +3717.0% |
| 2016 | -1.16 % change on previous year | -100.6% |
| 2017 | -2.93 % change on previous year | +153.3% |
| 2018 | -5.89 % change on previous year | +101.4% |
| 2019 | -7.43 % change on previous year | +26.1% |
| 2020 | -22.12 % change on previous year | +197.7% |
| 2021 | 1.37 % change on previous year | -106.2% |
| 2022 | 8.97 % change on previous year | +556.7% |
Israel compared with similar countries
- Israel's 8.97 % change on previous year is above the median for high income countries, which is -0.2183 % change on previous year. (78 countries reporting)
- Israel's 8.97 % change on previous year is above the median for Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan, which is 1.6 % change on previous year, 5.6× the median. (22 countries reporting)
Biggest year-on-year movements
Years where emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate in Israel changed far more than this series normally does. A large move can be a real event or a change in how the figure was measured — the source note below says who published it.
| Year | Change | From | To |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1951 | +7894.1% | 0.9861 % change on previous year | 78.83 % change on previous year |
| 2015 | +3717.0% | 4.68 % change on previous year | 178.71 % change on previous year |
| 1964 | +2448.9% | 0.3337 % change on previous year | 8.51 % change on previous year |
| 1985 | +1272.9% | -0.742 % change on previous year | 8.7 % change on previous year |
| 1995 | +1045.3% | -0.9402 % change on previous year | 8.89 % change on previous year |
| 1976 | +807.4% | 0.33 % change on previous year | 2.99 % change on previous year |
Averages by decade
| Decade | Average | Lowest | Highest | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1750s | 0.3778 % change on previous year | 0.3678 % change on previous year | 0.388 % change on previous year | 9 |
| 1760s | 0.3656 % change on previous year | 0.3554 % change on previous year | 0.3759 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1770s | 0.3521 % change on previous year | 0.3417 % change on previous year | 0.3624 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1780s | 0.3368 % change on previous year | 0.3262 % change on previous year | 0.3472 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1790s | 0.3197 % change on previous year | 0.3094 % change on previous year | 0.3299 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1800s | 0.3002 % change on previous year | 0.2889 % change on previous year | 0.3104 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1810s | 0.2891 % change on previous year | 0.2778 % change on previous year | 0.3013 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1820s | 0.265 % change on previous year | 0.2517 % change on previous year | 0.2772 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1830s | 0.236 % change on previous year | 0.2213 % change on previous year | 0.2493 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1840s | 0.2025 % change on previous year | 0.1868 % change on previous year | 0.219 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1850s | 0.1637 % change on previous year | 0.1475 % change on previous year | 0.1839 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1860s | -0.2424 % change on previous year | -0.2914 % change on previous year | 0.143 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1870s | -0.3351 % change on previous year | -0.3482 % change on previous year | -0.2939 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1880s | -0.3991 % change on previous year | -0.4158 % change on previous year | -0.3494 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1890s | -0.4769 % change on previous year | -0.4978 % change on previous year | -0.4175 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1900s | -3.27 % change on previous year | -3.94 % change on previous year | -0.5012 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1910s | -4.18 % change on previous year | -4.92 % change on previous year | -3.58 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1920s | -6.21 % change on previous year | -7.94 % change on previous year | -5.07 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1930s | -15.02 % change on previous year | -28.26 % change on previous year | -8.51 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1940s | 1.41 % change on previous year | 0.658 % change on previous year | 2.08 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1950s | 14.37 % change on previous year | -2.31 % change on previous year | 78.83 % change on previous year | 9 |
| 1960s | 6.96 % change on previous year | -3.4 % change on previous year | 35.73 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1970s | 3.18 % change on previous year | -2.22 % change on previous year | 12.88 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1980s | 6.56 % change on previous year | -2 % change on previous year | 19.47 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1990s | 0.7431 % change on previous year | -8.23 % change on previous year | 8.89 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 2000s | -4.55 % change on previous year | -16.64 % change on previous year | 8.03 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 2010s | 16.06 % change on previous year | -7.43 % change on previous year | 178.71 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 2020s | -3.93 % change on previous year | -22.12 % change on previous year | 8.97 % change on previous year | 3 |
Countries ranked near Israel
More climate change data for Israel
- Nutrient nitrogen N (total) — Synthetic fertilizers (Agricultural) 53.90 million kg (2050)
- Emissions from livestock — Emissions (CO2eq) 1,228 kt (2050)
- Emissions from livestock — Emissions (CO2eq) from N2O 601.55 kt (2050)
- Emissions from livestock — Emissions (CO2eq) from CH4 626.21 kt (2050)
- Emissions from livestock — Emissions 2.27 kt (2050)
- Emissions from livestock — Emissions 22.36 kt (2050)
- Emissions from crops — Emissions (CO2eq) 328.24 kt (2050)
- Emissions from crops — Emissions (CO2eq) from N2O 325.58 kt (2050)
- Emissions from crops — Emissions (CO2eq) from CH4 2.66 kt (2050)
- Emissions from crops — Emissions 1.23 kt (2050)
Frequently asked questions
- What is emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate in Israel?
- Emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate in Israel was 8.97 % change on previous year in 2022, according to Statizoid (derived).
- What is the highest emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate recorded in Israel?
- The highest recorded value was 178.71 % change on previous year in 2015.
- What is the lowest emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate recorded in Israel?
- The lowest recorded value was -28.26 % change on previous year in 1939.
- How does Israel rank for emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate?
- Israel ranks 1st out of 219 countries with data for 2022.
- Is emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate rising or falling in Israel?
- Over the last ten years it is up 233.3%. The long-run trend across the full record is volatile.
- Where does this Israel data come from?
- The figures come from Statizoid (derived), published as part of emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate. Statizoid updates them automatically from the source API.
Download this data
CSV · JSON — 271 observations, free to reuse under Derived by Statizoid from the sources named on the page.
How this figure is calculated
The year-on-year percentage change in emissions of air pollutants. Computed from consecutive annual observations; years either side of a gap are skipped rather than bridged.
Computed from
- emissions of air pollutants Hoesly et al. (2024) – Community Emissions Data System (CEDS) – with major processing by Our World in Data
Statizoid computes this series; the underlying measurements belong to the publishers named above. The arithmetic is applied to every country and year where both inputs report, and nothing is estimated unless the page says so.
About this data
The year-on-year percentage change in emissions of air pollutants. Computed from consecutive annual observations; years either side of a gap are skipped rather than bridged.