Per capita GHG emissions vs. per capita CO₂ emissions in Equatorial Guinea
Equatorial Guinea: Per capita GHG emissions vs. per capita CO₂ emissions was 5.14 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person in 2024. ◆ Volatile
Latest (2024)
5.14 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person
Change on year
down 3.7%
World rank
68th
of 197 countries
All-time high
17.46 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person
in 2004
All-time low
0.2771 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person
in 1949
Years of data
175
1850–2024
Per capita GHG emissions vs. per capita CO₂ emissions in Equatorial Guinea, 1850–2024
Source: Jones et al. (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) – with major processing by Our World in Data. Measured in tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person.
Analysis
In 2024, per capita ghg emissions vs. per capita co₂ emissions in Equatorial Guinea stood at 5.14 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person.
The figure is down 3.7% on the previous year and down 54.5% over ten years.
Over the whole period, per capita ghg emissions vs. per capita co₂ emissions in Equatorial Guinea peaked at 17.46 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person in 2004 and was at its lowest, 0.2771 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person, in 1949.
Equatorial Guinea ranks 68th of 197 countries on this measure, in the middle of the range.
The series is highly variable year to year, so single readings are best treated with caution.
Per capita GHG emissions vs. per capita CO₂ emissions in Equatorial Guinea, year by year
| Year | tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | Change |
|---|---|---|
| 1850 | 0.5264 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | — |
| 1851 | 0.5189 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.4% |
| 1852 | 0.512 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.3% |
| 1853 | 0.5055 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.3% |
| 1854 | 0.4991 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.3% |
| 1855 | 0.4929 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.3% |
| 1856 | 0.4867 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.3% |
| 1857 | 0.4806 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.3% |
| 1858 | 0.4746 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.3% |
| 1859 | 0.4686 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.3% |
| 1860 | 0.4628 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.2% |
| 1861 | 0.4572 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.2% |
| 1862 | 0.4517 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.2% |
| 1863 | 0.4533 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.3% |
| 1864 | 0.4479 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.2% |
| 1865 | 0.4427 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.2% |
| 1866 | 0.4375 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.2% |
| 1867 | 0.4324 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.2% |
| 1868 | 0.4273 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.2% |
| 1869 | 0.4223 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.2% |
| 1870 | 0.4172 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.2% |
| 1871 | 0.4123 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.2% |
| 1872 | 0.4074 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.2% |
| 1873 | 0.4026 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.2% |
| 1874 | 0.3979 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.2% |
| 1875 | 0.3933 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.2% |
| 1876 | 0.3888 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.1% |
| 1877 | 0.3843 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.1% |
| 1878 | 0.3799 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.2% |
| 1879 | 0.3755 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.2% |
| 1880 | 0.3711 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.2% |
| 1881 | 0.3667 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.2% |
| 1882 | 0.3623 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.2% |
| 1883 | 0.358 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.2% |
| 1884 | 0.3538 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.2% |
| 1885 | 0.3496 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.2% |
| 1886 | 0.3455 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.2% |
| 1887 | 0.3415 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.2% |
| 1888 | 0.3375 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.2% |
| 1889 | 0.3344 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -0.9% |
| 1890 | 0.3324 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -0.6% |
| 1891 | 0.331 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -0.4% |
| 1892 | 0.3305 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -0.2% |
| 1893 | 0.3307 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.1% |
| 1894 | 0.331 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.1% |
| 1895 | 0.3313 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.1% |
| 1896 | 0.3317 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.1% |
| 1897 | 0.332 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.1% |
| 1898 | 0.3324 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.1% |
| 1899 | 0.3331 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.2% |
| 1900 | 0.3342 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.3% |
| 1901 | 0.3363 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.6% |
| 1902 | 0.3387 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.7% |
| 1903 | 0.3416 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.8% |
| 1904 | 0.3445 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.8% |
| 1905 | 0.3474 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.9% |
| 1906 | 0.3504 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.9% |
| 1907 | 0.3534 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.9% |
| 1908 | 0.3564 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.8% |
| 1909 | 0.3591 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.8% |
| 1910 | 0.3867 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +7.7% |
| 1911 | 0.3776 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -2.4% |
| 1912 | 0.3689 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -2.3% |
| 1913 | 0.3607 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -2.2% |
| 1914 | 0.3633 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.7% |
| 1915 | 0.3659 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.7% |
| 1916 | 0.3685 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.7% |
| 1917 | 0.3711 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.7% |
| 1918 | 0.3738 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.7% |
| 1919 | 0.3752 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.4% |
| 1920 | 0.3751 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -0.0% |
| 1921 | 0.3741 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -0.3% |
| 1922 | 0.3717 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -0.6% |
| 1923 | 0.368 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.0% |
| 1924 | 0.3643 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.0% |
| 1925 | 0.3607 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.0% |
| 1926 | 0.3571 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.0% |
| 1927 | 0.3534 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.0% |
| 1928 | 0.3498 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.0% |
| 1929 | 0.3463 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.0% |
| 1930 | 0.3464 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.0% |
| 1931 | 0.3467 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.1% |
| 1932 | 0.3471 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.1% |
| 1933 | 0.3476 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.2% |
| 1934 | 0.3482 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.2% |
| 1935 | 0.3488 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.2% |
| 1936 | 0.3495 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.2% |
| 1937 | 0.3498 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.1% |
| 1938 | 0.3501 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +0.1% |
| 1939 | 0.3486 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -0.4% |
| 1940 | 0.3448 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.1% |
| 1941 | 0.3402 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.3% |
| 1942 | 0.3338 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.9% |
| 1943 | 0.3257 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -2.4% |
| 1944 | 0.3179 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -2.4% |
| 1945 | 0.3074 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -3.3% |
| 1946 | 0.2973 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -3.3% |
| 1947 | 0.291 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -2.1% |
| 1948 | 0.2848 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -2.1% |
| 1949 | 0.2771 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -2.7% |
| 1950 | 0.3355 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +21.1% |
| 1951 | 0.3329 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -0.8% |
| 1952 | 0.3294 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.1% |
| 1953 | 0.3254 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.2% |
| 1954 | 0.4076 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +25.3% |
| 1955 | 0.436 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +7.0% |
| 1956 | 0.4304 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.3% |
| 1957 | 0.4086 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -5.1% |
| 1958 | 0.4681 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +14.6% |
| 1959 | 0.4619 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.3% |
| 1960 | 0.3466 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -25.0% |
| 1961 | 0.3423 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.2% |
| 1962 | 0.3362 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.8% |
| 1963 | 0.3445 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +2.5% |
| 1964 | 0.3379 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.9% |
| 1965 | 0.3458 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +2.3% |
| 1966 | 0.3268 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -5.5% |
| 1967 | 0.3215 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.6% |
| 1968 | 0.3308 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +2.9% |
| 1969 | 0.3804 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +15.0% |
| 1970 | 0.3685 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -3.1% |
| 1971 | 0.4831 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +31.1% |
| 1972 | 0.5678 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +17.5% |
| 1973 | 0.3818 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -32.7% |
| 1974 | 0.4726 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +23.8% |
| 1975 | 0.5272 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +11.6% |
| 1976 | 0.5626 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +6.7% |
| 1977 | 0.5811 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +3.3% |
| 1978 | 0.6205 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +6.8% |
| 1979 | 0.6007 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -3.2% |
| 1980 | 0.6171 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +2.7% |
| 1981 | 0.6017 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -2.5% |
| 1982 | 0.6378 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +6.0% |
| 1983 | 0.5651 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -11.4% |
| 1984 | 0.6165 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +9.1% |
| 1985 | 0.5428 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -11.9% |
| 1986 | 0.5711 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +5.2% |
| 1987 | 0.6405 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +12.2% |
| 1988 | 0.6384 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -0.3% |
| 1989 | 0.6489 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +1.6% |
| 1990 | 0.5218 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -19.6% |
| 1991 | 1.46 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +179.2% |
| 1992 | 2.39 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +63.8% |
| 1993 | 3.31 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +38.7% |
| 1994 | 4.96 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +49.9% |
| 1995 | 5.46 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +9.9% |
| 1996 | 8.82 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +61.7% |
| 1997 | 12.35 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +39.9% |
| 1998 | 14.58 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +18.0% |
| 1999 | 15.34 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +5.2% |
| 2000 | 16.87 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +10.0% |
| 2001 | 17.23 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +2.1% |
| 2002 | 12.81 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -25.6% |
| 2003 | 13.39 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +4.5% |
| 2004 | 17.46 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +30.4% |
| 2005 | 16.13 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -7.6% |
| 2006 | 16.74 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +3.8% |
| 2007 | 15.98 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -4.5% |
| 2008 | 14.89 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -6.8% |
| 2009 | 11.98 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -19.6% |
| 2010 | 13.04 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +8.8% |
| 2011 | 11.95 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -8.4% |
| 2012 | 12.35 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +3.3% |
| 2013 | 12.11 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.9% |
| 2014 | 11.32 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -6.5% |
| 2015 | 10.82 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -4.4% |
| 2016 | 10.05 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -7.1% |
| 2017 | 8.66 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -13.8% |
| 2018 | 7.54 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -13.0% |
| 2019 | 6.11 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -19.0% |
| 2020 | 6.44 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | +5.4% |
| 2021 | 6.33 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.7% |
| 2022 | 6.25 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -1.2% |
| 2023 | 5.34 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -14.6% |
| 2024 | 5.14 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | -3.7% |
Equatorial Guinea compared with similar countries
- Equatorial Guinea's 5.14 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person is above the median for upper middle income countries, which is 3.96 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person, 1.3× the median. (56 countries reporting)
- Equatorial Guinea's 5.14 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person is above the median for Sub-Saharan Africa, which is 0.7269 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person, 7.1× the median. (46 countries reporting)
Biggest year-on-year movements
Years where Per capita GHG emissions vs. per capita CO₂ emissions in Equatorial Guinea changed far more than this series normally does. A large move can be a real event or a change in how the figure was measured — the source note below says who published it.
| Year | Change | From | To |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1991 | +179.2% | 0.5218 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 1.46 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person |
| 1992 | +63.8% | 1.46 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 2.39 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person |
| 1996 | +61.7% | 5.46 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 8.82 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person |
| 1994 | +49.9% | 3.31 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 4.96 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person |
| 1997 | +39.9% | 8.82 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 12.35 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person |
| 1993 | +38.7% | 2.39 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 3.31 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person |
Averages by decade
| Decade | Average | Lowest | Highest | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1850s | 0.4965 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 0.4686 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 0.5264 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 10 |
| 1860s | 0.4435 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 0.4223 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 0.4628 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 10 |
| 1870s | 0.3959 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 0.3755 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 0.4172 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 10 |
| 1880s | 0.3521 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 0.3344 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 0.3711 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 10 |
| 1890s | 0.3316 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 0.3305 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 0.3331 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 10 |
| 1900s | 0.3462 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 0.3342 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 0.3591 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 10 |
| 1910s | 0.3712 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 0.3607 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 0.3867 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 10 |
| 1920s | 0.3621 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 0.3463 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 0.3751 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 10 |
| 1930s | 0.3483 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 0.3464 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 0.3501 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 10 |
| 1940s | 0.312 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 0.2771 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 0.3448 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 10 |
| 1950s | 0.3936 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 0.3254 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 0.4681 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 10 |
| 1960s | 0.3413 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 0.3215 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 0.3804 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 10 |
| 1970s | 0.5166 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 0.3685 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 0.6205 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 10 |
| 1980s | 0.608 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 0.5428 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 0.6489 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 10 |
| 1990s | 6.92 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 0.5218 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 15.34 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 10 |
| 2000s | 15.35 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 11.98 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 17.46 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 10 |
| 2010s | 10.39 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 6.11 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 13.04 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 10 |
| 2020s | 5.9 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 5.14 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 6.44 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person | 5 |
Countries ranked near Equatorial Guinea
- 65 Lithuania 5.26 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person compare
- 66 Hong Kong 5.24 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person compare
- 67 Nauru 5.21 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person compare
- 69 Spain 5.1 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person compare
- 70 British Virgin Islands 5.05 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person compare
- 71 Ukraine 5.02 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person compare
More climate change data for Equatorial Guinea
- Nutrient nitrogen N (total) — Synthetic fertilizers (Agricultural) 300,667 kg (2050)
- Emissions from livestock — Emissions (CO2eq) 25.27 kt (2050)
- Emissions from livestock — Emissions (CO2eq) from N2O 10.65 kt (2050)
- Emissions from livestock — Emissions (CO2eq) from CH4 14.62 kt (2050)
- Emissions from livestock — Emissions 0.0402 kt (2050)
- Emissions from livestock — Emissions 0.5221 kt (2050)
- Emissions from crops — Emissions (CO2eq) 1.67 kt (2050)
- Emissions from crops — Emissions (CO2eq) from N2O 1.67 kt (2050)
- Emissions from crops — Emissions 0.0063 kt (2050)
- Synthetic Fertilizers — Emissions (CO2eq) 1.67 kt (2050)
Frequently asked questions
- What is per capita ghg emissions vs. per capita co₂ emissions in Equatorial Guinea?
- Per capita ghg emissions vs. per capita co₂ emissions in Equatorial Guinea was 5.14 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person in 2024, according to Jones et al. (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) – with major processing by Our World in Data.
- What is the highest per capita ghg emissions vs. per capita co₂ emissions recorded in Equatorial Guinea?
- The highest recorded value was 17.46 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person in 2004.
- What is the lowest per capita ghg emissions vs. per capita co₂ emissions recorded in Equatorial Guinea?
- The lowest recorded value was 0.2771 tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person in 1949.
- How does Equatorial Guinea rank for per capita ghg emissions vs. per capita co₂ emissions?
- Equatorial Guinea ranks 68th out of 197 countries with data for 2024.
- Is per capita ghg emissions vs. per capita co₂ emissions rising or falling in Equatorial Guinea?
- Over the last ten years it is down 54.5%. The long-run trend across the full record is volatile.
- Where does this Equatorial Guinea data come from?
- The figures come from Jones et al. (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) – with major processing by Our World in Data, published as part of Per capita GHG emissions vs. per capita CO₂ emissions. Statizoid updates them automatically from the source API.
Download this data
CSV · JSON — 175 observations, free to reuse under CC BY 4.0 (Our World in Data).
About this data
Greenhouse gas emissions are measured in tonnes per person of carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale.