All sectors without LULUCF — Indirect emissions (N2O), annual growth rate by country
The year-on-year percentage change in All sectors without LULUCF — Indirect emissions (N2O). Computed from consecutive annual observations; years either side of a gap are skipped rather than bridged.
Countries reporting
221
Highest
17.2 % change on previous year
Costa Rica
Lowest
-54.34 % change on previous year
Cyprus
Median
0.2349 % change on previous year
Years covered
33
1991–2023
Data points
8,178
What the numbers show
All sectors without LULUCF — Indirect emissions (N2O), annual growth rate is currently reported for 221 countries. The highest value is 17.2 % change on previous year in Costa Rica; the lowest is -54.34 % change on previous year in Cyprus.
The median across all reporting countries is 0.2349 % change on previous year, and the mean is -0.3325 % change on previous year.
Over the past decade 76 countries rose and 133 fell. The largest increase was in Costa Rica (up 5,917.4%), and the largest decrease in Norway (down 20,758.1%).
All sectors without LULUCF: Indirect emissions … Indirect annual: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Costa Rica | 17.2 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 5,917.4% | volatile |
| 2 | Madagascar | 15.03 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 1,945.4% | volatile |
| 3 | Singapore | 14.5 % change on previous year | 2023 | — | volatile |
| 4 | Tuvalu | 14.29 % change on previous year | 2023 | — | volatile |
| 5 | Hungary | 14.21 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 40.0% | volatile |
| 6 | Moldova | 14.12 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 12.8% | volatile |
| 6 | Republic of Moldova | 14.12 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 12.8% | volatile |
| 8 | Australia | 11.45 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 853.4% | volatile |
| 9 | Kenya | 9.45 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 1,819.3% | volatile |
| 10 | Namibia | 9.34 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 180.7% | volatile |
| 11 | Fiji | 9.29 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 908.4% | volatile |
| 12 | Martinique | 8.56 % change on previous year | 2006 | up 377.2% | volatile |
| 13 | Puerto Rico | 8.54 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 967.1% | volatile |
| 14 | Germany | 8.26 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 218.0% | volatile |
| 15 | Australia and New Zealand | 7.78 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 1,076.5% | volatile |
| 16 | Benin | 7.44 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 152.0% | volatile |
| 17 | Chad | 6.56 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 12.6% | rising |
| 18 | Ethiopia | 6.49 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 45.4% | volatile |
| 19 | Malawi | 6.35 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 14.5% | volatile |
| 20 | Syria | 6.06 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 573.4% | volatile |
| 20 | Syrian Arab Republic | 6.06 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 573.4% | volatile |
| 22 | Slovakia | 6.04 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 6.5% | volatile |
| 23 | Ghana | 5.37 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 22.8% | volatile |
| 24 | Togo | 5.06 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 14.4% | volatile |
| 25 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 4.63 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 63.1% | volatile |
| 26 | China, Hong Kong SAR | 4.57 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 81.2% | volatile |
| 27 | Zimbabwe | 3.89 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 493.0% | volatile |
| 28 | French Guiana | 3.88 % change on previous year | 2006 | down 74.8% | volatile |
| 29 | Mali | 3.88 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 63.8% | volatile |
| 30 | Pakistan | 3.81 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 33.1% | rising |
| 31 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 3.7 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 138.9% | volatile |
| 32 | United Republic of Tanzania | 3.57 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 42.0% | volatile |
| 33 | Melanesia | 3.51 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 292.8% | volatile |
| 34 | Belgium-Luxembourg | 3.5 % change on previous year | 1999 | up 111.9% | volatile |
| 35 | Laos | 3.46 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 138.2% | volatile |
| 35 | Lao People's Democratic Republic | 3.46 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 138.2% | volatile |
| 37 | Greece | 2.99 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 256.8% | volatile |
| 38 | Indonesia | 2.8 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 230.7% | volatile |
| 39 | Brazil | 2.52 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 210.5% | volatile |
| 40 | Malaysia | 2.39 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 54.8% | volatile |
| 41 | Sao Tome and Principe | 2.38 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 67.6% | volatile |
| 42 | Malta | 2.33 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 307.0% | volatile |
| 43 | Uzbekistan | 2.17 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 58.9% | volatile |
| 44 | Sierra Leone | 2.14 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 47.2% | volatile |
| 45 | Bulgaria | 2.13 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 26.0% | volatile |
| 46 | Bolivia (Plurinational State of) | 2.11 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 18.7% | volatile |
| 47 | Paraguay | 2.03 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 30.9% | volatile |
| 48 | Libya | 1.97 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 143.6% | volatile |
| 49 | Faroe Islands | 1.94 % change on previous year | 2023 | — | volatile |
| 50 | Oman | 1.91 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 89.9% | volatile |
| 51 | Guyana | 1.83 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 29.2% | volatile |
| 52 | Cambodia | 1.81 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 405.0% | volatile |
| 53 | Angola | 1.77 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 62.3% | volatile |
| 54 | Dominican Republic | 1.76 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 2,137.5% | volatile |
| 55 | Reunion | 1.72 % change on previous year | 2006 | down 42.0% | volatile |
| 55 | Réunion | 1.72 % change on previous year | 2006 | down 42.0% | volatile |
| 57 | Sri Lanka | 1.67 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 49.6% | volatile |
| 58 | South Sudan | 1.65 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 207.6% | volatile |
| 59 | Algeria | 1.59 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 64.9% | volatile |
| 60 | Nicaragua | 1.46 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 70.2% | volatile |
| 61 | Qatar | 1.46 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 90.6% | volatile |
| 62 | Burkina Faso | 1.44 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 40.9% | volatile |
| 63 | India | 1.4 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 5.0% | volatile |
| 64 | Cabo Verde | 1.4 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 33.9% | volatile |
| 65 | United Arab Emirates | 1.38 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 88.5% | volatile |
| 66 | Central African Republic | 1.33 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 95.9% | volatile |
| 67 | Philippines | 1.22 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 599.1% | volatile |
| 68 | Trinidad and Tobago | 1.21 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 68.6% | volatile |
| 69 | Micronesia (Federated States of) | 1.19 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 63.3% | volatile |
| 70 | Montenegro | 1.19 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 15.6% | volatile |
| 71 | Guatemala | 1.15 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 7.7% | volatile |
| 72 | Belize | 1.15 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 87.3% | volatile |
| 73 | Iraq | 1.12 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 120.7% | volatile |
| 74 | Bangladesh | 1.1 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 23.9% | volatile |
| 75 | Micronesia | 1.03 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 63.7% | volatile |
| 76 | Guadeloupe | 1 % change on previous year | 2006 | down 95.3% | volatile |
| 77 | Romania | 0.9956 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 86.4% | volatile |
| 78 | Guinea-Bissau | 0.9954 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 55.6% | volatile |
| 79 | Senegal | 0.9915 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 61.5% | volatile |
| 80 | Sudan | 0.9548 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 17.3% | volatile |
| 81 | Tajikistan | 0.8921 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 82.8% | volatile |
| 82 | OECD | 0.8752 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 52.0% | volatile |
| 83 | Vanuatu | 0.7884 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 12.7% | volatile |
| 84 | Mauritania | 0.7866 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 76.2% | volatile |
| 85 | Papua New Guinea | 0.7497 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 147.6% | volatile |
| 86 | Gabon | 0.7426 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 80.9% | volatile |
| 87 | Saint Lucia | 0.7194 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 68.1% | volatile |
| 88 | Zambia | 0.6978 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 55.2% | volatile |
| 89 | Equatorial Guinea | 0.6944 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 4.9% | volatile |
| 90 | Poland | 0.6592 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 183.2% | volatile |
| 91 | Mexico | 0.6546 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 35.5% | volatile |
| 92 | Panama | 0.6466 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 1,339.3% | volatile |
| 93 | Vietnam | 0.6432 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 147.5% | volatile |
| 93 | Viet Nam | 0.6432 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 147.5% | volatile |
| 95 | Nigeria | 0.6412 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 56.0% | volatile |
| 96 | Cote d'Ivoire | 0.6335 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 76.7% | volatile |
| 96 | Côte d'Ivoire | 0.6335 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 76.7% | volatile |
| 98 | Bahamas | 0.6173 % change on previous year | 2023 | — | volatile |
| 99 | Afghanistan | 0.6158 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 127.2% | volatile |
| 100 | Honduras | 0.6152 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 41.2% | volatile |
| 101 | Jamaica | 0.6069 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 285.9% | volatile |
| 102 | Uruguay | 0.5939 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 31.5% | volatile |
| 103 | Serbia | 0.5809 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 91.7% | volatile |
| 104 | Turkmenistan | 0.5258 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 57.3% | volatile |
| 105 | Republic of Korea | 0.3836 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 136.5% | volatile |
| 106 | Jordan | 0.2969 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 85.9% | volatile |
| 107 | Kyrgyzstan | 0.2856 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 93.1% | volatile |
| 108 | China, mainland | 0.2714 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 207.6% | volatile |
| 109 | Caribbean | 0.264 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 41.2% | volatile |
| 110 | China | 0.2569 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 193.6% | volatile |
| 111 | Djibouti | 0.2349 % change on previous year | 2023 | — | volatile |
| 112 | Gambia | 0.2246 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 95.6% | volatile |
| 113 | Peru | 0.2173 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 80.9% | volatile |
| 114 | Haiti | 0.1773 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 68.3% | volatile |
| 115 | Eritrea | 0.1684 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 80.4% | volatile |
| 116 | South Africa | 0.166 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 113.9% | volatile |
| 117 | Italy | 0.1229 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 111.4% | volatile |
| 118 | Rwanda | 0.0225 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 96.4% | volatile |
| 119 | Cameroon | 0.0193 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 99.5% | volatile |
| 120 | Barbados | 0 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 100.0% | volatile |
| 120 | Comoros | 0 % change on previous year | 2023 | — | volatile |
| 120 | Dominica | 0 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 100.0% | volatile |
| 120 | Kiribati | 0 % change on previous year | 2023 | — | volatile |
| 120 | Mauritius | 0 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 100.0% | volatile |
| 120 | Solomon Islands | 0 % change on previous year | 2023 | — | volatile |
| 120 | Seychelles | 0 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 100.0% | volatile |
| 120 | Tonga | 0 % change on previous year | 2023 | — | volatile |
| 120 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 0 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 100.0% | volatile |
| 120 | China, Macao SAR | 0 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 100.0% | volatile |
| 133 | Kuwait | -0.065 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 103.3% | volatile |
| 134 | Congo | -0.1065 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 123.1% | volatile |
| 135 | United States | -0.1169 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 105.6% | volatile |
| 136 | Bahrain | -0.3378 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 111.0% | volatile |
| 137 | Netherlands (Kingdom of the) | -0.3477 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 116.3% | volatile |
| 138 | Thailand | -0.3554 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 90.1% | volatile |
| 139 | Switzerland | -0.3722 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 66.3% | volatile |
| 140 | Somalia | -0.3828 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 442.3% | volatile |
| 141 | Uganda | -0.4295 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 122.9% | volatile |
| 142 | Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) | -0.4563 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 725.6% | volatile |
| 143 | Belarus | -0.5008 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 73.3% | volatile |
| 144 | Liberia | -0.5508 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 153.3% | volatile |
| 145 | Democratic People's Republic of Korea | -0.6509 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 36.4% | volatile |
| 146 | Colombia | -0.7831 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 75.3% | volatile |
| 147 | Samoa | -0.7937 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 133.3% | volatile |
| 148 | Japan | -0.8548 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 106.5% | volatile |
| 149 | Lebanon | -0.9461 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 84.0% | volatile |
| 150 | Eswatini | -0.9665 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 41.5% | volatile |
| 151 | New Caledonia | -1.02 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 114.1% | volatile |
| 152 | France | -1.04 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 691.7% | volatile |
| 153 | Slovenia | -1.07 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 57.2% | volatile |
| 154 | Brunei | -1.12 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 111.4% | volatile |
| 154 | Brunei Darussalam | -1.12 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 111.4% | volatile |
| 156 | Tunisia | -1.22 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 129.7% | volatile |
| 157 | El Salvador | -1.22 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 92.6% | volatile |
| 158 | Yemen | -1.36 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 195.2% | volatile |
| 159 | Lithuania | -1.46 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 52.0% | volatile |
| 160 | Myanmar | -1.49 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 134.5% | volatile |
| 161 | Austria | -1.55 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 122.2% | volatile |
| 162 | Grenada | -1.55 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 172.1% | volatile |
| 163 | Cuba | -1.62 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 290.8% | volatile |
| 164 | Antigua and Barbuda | -1.79 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 121.4% | volatile |
| 165 | Guinea | -1.8 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 132.1% | falling |
| 166 | Ukraine | -1.82 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 114.7% | volatile |
| 167 | Iceland | -1.94 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 39.4% | volatile |
| 168 | Polynesia | -1.98 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 246.8% | volatile |
| 169 | Kazakhstan | -2.01 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 165.5% | volatile |
| 170 | Chile | -2.02 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 82.9% | volatile |
| 171 | Israel | -2.15 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 281.0% | volatile |
| 172 | Ecuador | -2.16 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 683.5% | volatile |
| 173 | Ireland | -2.48 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 373.5% | volatile |
| 174 | New Zealand | -2.54 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 222.0% | volatile |
| 175 | Argentina | -2.68 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 203.8% | volatile |
| 176 | Russia | -2.75 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 143.8% | volatile |
| 176 | Russian Federation | -2.75 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 143.8% | volatile |
| 178 | China, Taiwan Province of | -2.89 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 34.6% | volatile |
| 179 | Canada | -3.06 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 149.1% | volatile |
| 180 | Iran (Islamic Republic of) | -3.24 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 222.6% | volatile |
| 181 | Turkey | -3.26 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 131.8% | volatile |
| 181 | Türkiye | -3.26 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 131.8% | volatile |
| 183 | Czechia | -3.33 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 165.8% | volatile |
| 184 | Morocco | -3.34 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 175.6% | volatile |
| 185 | United Kingdom | -3.34 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 354.5% | volatile |
| 185 | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | -3.34 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 354.5% | volatile |
| 187 | East Timor | -3.39 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 222.1% | volatile |
| 187 | Timor-Leste | -3.39 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 222.1% | volatile |
| 189 | Palestine | -3.45 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 58.0% | volatile |
| 189 | Palestine | -3.45 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 58.0% | volatile |
| 191 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | -3.6 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 180.1% | volatile |
| 192 | Finland | -3.68 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 236.4% | volatile |
| 193 | Niger | -3.95 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 187.2% | falling |
| 194 | Egypt | -3.95 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 427.5% | volatile |
| 195 | Norway | -4.21 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 20,758.1% | volatile |
| 196 | Mozambique | -4.28 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 285.8% | volatile |
| 197 | Belgium | -5.21 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 468.9% | volatile |
| 198 | Azerbaijan | -5.33 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 457.3% | volatile |
| 199 | Burundi | -5.44 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 124.6% | volatile |
| 200 | Croatia | -5.45 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 152.1% | volatile |
| 201 | Sudan (former) | -5.53 % change on previous year | 2011 | down 241.6% | volatile |
| 202 | Portugal | -5.56 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 285.1% | volatile |
| 203 | Bhutan | -5.66 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 202.0% | volatile |
| 204 | Georgia | -6.17 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 299.4% | volatile |
| 205 | Spain | -6.36 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 354.7% | volatile |
| 206 | Serbia and Montenegro | -7.04 % change on previous year | 2005 | down 212.6% | volatile |
| 207 | French Polynesia | -7.04 % change on previous year | 2023 | — | volatile |
| 208 | Sweden | -7.17 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 762.8% | volatile |
| 209 | Botswana | -7.29 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 13.9% | volatile |
| 210 | Luxembourg | -7.37 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 331.4% | volatile |
| 211 | Armenia | -7.39 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 168.8% | volatile |
| 212 | North Macedonia | -7.45 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 889.7% | volatile |
| 213 | Mongolia | -7.5 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 171.8% | volatile |
| 214 | Saudi Arabia | -7.86 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 220.9% | volatile |
| 215 | Denmark | -7.87 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 374.6% | volatile |
| 216 | Estonia | -7.88 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 750.3% | volatile |
| 217 | Suriname | -7.9 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 37.3% | volatile |
| 218 | Latvia | -8.69 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 3,212.5% | volatile |
| 219 | Cook Islands | -9.52 % change on previous year | 2023 | — | volatile |
| 220 | Albania | -10.23 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 640.9% | volatile |
| 221 | Nepal | -14.03 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 722.7% | volatile |
| 222 | Lesotho | -32.39 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 636.7% | volatile |
| 223 | Tokelau | -50 % change on previous year | 2023 | — | volatile |
| 224 | Cyprus | -54.34 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 669.7% | volatile |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- Oceania 7.73 % change on previous year
- Middle Africa 5.08 % change on previous year
- Eastern Africa 4.65 % change on previous year
- Low Income Food Deficit Countries (LIFDCs) 2.97 % change on previous year
- Africa 2.74 % change on previous year
- Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 2.39 % change on previous year
- Net Food Importing Developing Countries (NFIDCs) 2.24 % change on previous year
- Land Locked Developing Countries (LLDCs) 1.92 % change on previous year
- South-eastern Asia 1.54 % change on previous year
- Western Europe 1.51 % change on previous year
- Non-Annex I countries 1.39 % change on previous year
- World 1.24 % change on previous year
- Central America 1.17 % change on previous year
- Southern Asia 1.14 % change on previous year
- South America 1.13 % change on previous year
- Latin America and the Caribbean 1.11 % change on previous year
- Western Africa 0.8256 % change on previous year
- Americas 0.7796 % change on previous year
- Annex I countries 0.5703 % change on previous year
- Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 0.4002 % change on previous year
- Central Asia 0.3011 % change on previous year
- Asia 0.2493 % change on previous year
- Northern Africa -0.0837 % change on previous year
- United States of America -0.1169 % change on previous year
- Eastern Asia -0.4071 % change on previous year
- Northern America -0.4624 % change on previous year
- European Union (27) -0.5783 % change on previous year
- Southern Africa -0.7798 % change on previous year
- Eastern Europe -0.9192 % change on previous year
- Europe -1.3 % change on previous year
- Western Asia -2.72 % change on previous year
- Southern Europe -3.12 % change on previous year
- Northern Europe -3.85 % change on previous year
How this figure is calculated
The year-on-year percentage change in All sectors without LULUCF — Indirect emissions (N2O). Computed from consecutive annual observations; years either side of a gap are skipped rather than bridged.
Computed from
- All sectors without LULUCF — Indirect emissions Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Statizoid computes this series; the underlying measurements belong to the publishers named above. The arithmetic is applied to every country and year where both inputs report, and nothing is estimated unless the page says so.
About this data
The year-on-year percentage change in All sectors without LULUCF — Indirect emissions (N2O). Computed from consecutive annual observations; years either side of a gap are skipped rather than bridged.