Carbon intensity vs. GDP per capita by country

Fossil carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions per unit of total energy supply, measured in grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour.

Countries reporting
201
Highest
654.25 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour
Lesotho
Lowest
0 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour
Antarctica
Median
211.57 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour
Years covered
60
1965–2024
Data points
9,804

What the numbers show

Carbon intensity vs. GDP per capita is currently reported for 201 countries. The highest value is 654.25 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour in Lesotho; the lowest is 0 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour in Antarctica.

The median across all reporting countries is 211.57 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour, and the mean is 215.6 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour.

Over the past decade 81 countries rose and 119 fell. The largest increase was in Guinea-Bissau (up 148.4%), and the largest decrease in Bhutan (down 69.2%).

Carbon intensity vs. GDP per capita: full country ranking

#Country LatestYear 10-year changeTrend
1 Lesotho 654.25 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 0.4% falling
2 Mongolia 581.69 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 3.9% rising
3 Haiti 418.97 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 82.2% rising
4 New Caledonia 376.29 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 39.6% rising
5 Chad 364.62 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 30.5% rising
6 Congo 361.81 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 83.4% volatile
7 Nepal 356.51 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 10.3% rising
8 Comoros 349.51 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 47.9% rising
9 Gambia 348.91 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 55.9% rising
10 Iraq 347.57 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 20.5% falling
11 Kazakhstan 334.54 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 15.6% rising
12 North Korea 323.31 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 11.3% falling
13 Gabon 314.4 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 10.6% falling
14 South Africa 313.63 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 8.3% falling
15 Suriname 303.34 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 5.2% flat
16 Botswana 301.67 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 15.3% falling
17 Maldives 297.4 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 98.5% volatile
18 India 296.16 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 1.5% rising
19 Vietnam 294.73 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 0.3% falling
20 Cuba 290.07 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 34.8% rising
21 Laos 288.44 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 30.5% rising
22 Senegal 282.09 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 1.6% flat
23 China 278.62 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 8.9% falling
24 Madagascar 275.85 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 28.0% rising
25 Sudan 275.23 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 52.8% flat
26 Cameroon 274.96 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 12.0% falling
27 Afghanistan 274.4 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 16.0% rising
28 Guyana 274.24 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 14.8% falling
29 Syria 272.51 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 3.9% falling
30 Liberia 268.68 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 77.4% rising
31 Indonesia 267.07 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 2.2% falling
32 Mauritania 266.23 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 15.4% volatile
33 Tunisia 265.41 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 4.4% rising
34 Libya 265.01 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 12.2% flat
35 Nigeria 263.78 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 5.2% falling
36 Turkey 263.64 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 0.4% falling
37 Morocco 262.84 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 3.0% rising
38 Burkina Faso 260.09 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 10.0% falling
39 Rwanda 258.62 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 31.2% falling
40 Poland 257.67 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 10.8% falling
41 Saint Helena 257.21 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 1.0% volatile
42 Papua New Guinea 254.84 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 11.5% rising
43 Algeria 253.63 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 2.6% falling
44 Tanzania 252.8 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 6.4% rising
45 Australia 250.79 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 3.2% flat
46 Cambodia 249.72 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 2.8% falling
47 Kuwait 248.31 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 44.8% volatile
48 North Macedonia 247.59 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 11.0% falling
49 Serbia 247.35 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 0.5% falling
50 Bolivia 246.55 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 0.0% falling
51 British Virgin Islands 244.25 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 16.3% falling
52 Uzbekistan 242.56 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 8.6% flat
53 East Timor 240.58 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 16.4% falling
54 Mali 240.38 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 0.6% rising
55 Egypt 239.79 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 1.2% falling
56 Philippines 239.63 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 11.3% falling
57 Eritrea 236.71 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 1.4% rising
58 Jamaica 236.65 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 7.2% falling
59 Ecuador 236.65 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 8.6% falling
60 Dominican Republic 236.61 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 5.2% falling
61 Zambia 236.27 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 23.4% rising
62 Burundi 234.44 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 18.9% falling
63 South Sudan 232.27 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 1.1% rising
64 Cyprus 231.52 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 7.0% flat
65 Niger 229.42 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 0.4% falling
66 Greenland 229.22 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 22.6% falling
67 Bermuda 228.16 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 1.9% flat
68 Honduras 226.54 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 7.3% flat
69 Equatorial Guinea 225.65 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 9.6% volatile
70 Ukraine 225.56 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 7.6% falling
71 Myanmar 225.31 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 49.9% falling
72 Grenada 224.55 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 5.3% falling
73 Peru 224.47 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 4.5% falling
74 Guinea-Bissau 224.45 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 148.4% volatile
75 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 224.41 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 17.0% falling
76 Kenya 224.31 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 14.9% rising
77 Bosnia and Herzegovina 221.98 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 30.6% rising
78 Niue 221.92 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 11.2% falling
79 Saint Kitts and Nevis 221.75 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 0.5% falling
80 Angola 221.64 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 12.3% falling
81 Bahamas 220.81 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 32.3% flat
82 Dominica 220.64 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 4.9% falling
83 Lebanon 219.32 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 16.3% falling
84 Malaysia 219.13 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 3.9% falling
85 Solomon Islands 219.13 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 0.8% falling
86 Taiwan 218.54 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 5.8% falling
87 Malawi 217.64 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 38.5% falling
88 Sri Lanka 217.37 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 1.3% flat
89 Iran 216.16 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 7.3% falling
90 Jordan 215.73 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 16.8% falling
91 Togo 215.58 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 26.4% falling
92 Micronesia (country) 214.52 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 3.8% falling
93 Croatia 214.18 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 3.8% falling
94 Kyrgyzstan 214.06 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 3.7% rising
95 Trinidad and Tobago 214.03 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 4.5% flat
96 Brunei 213.53 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 7.1% falling
97 Antigua and Barbuda 213.35 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 11.7% rising
98 Nicaragua 212.96 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 1.3% falling
99 Romania 212.61 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 8.3% falling
100 Bangladesh 212.27 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 0.3% falling
101 Pakistan 211.57 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 2.7% flat
102 Saudi Arabia 211.04 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 5.7% flat
103 Turkmenistan 210.72 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 6.0% falling
104 Mexico 210.53 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 6.9% falling
105 Japan 208.5 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 12.5% flat
107 Central African Republic 207.6 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 32.6% rising
108 Sierra Leone 205.91 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 7.3% rising
109 Germany 204.73 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 8.1% falling
110 Russia 204.26 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 2.2% falling
111 Venezuela 203.12 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 1.1% falling
112 Saint Lucia 202.98 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 23.8% falling
113 Zimbabwe 202.91 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 24.1% falling
114 Faroe Islands 202.49 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 1.4% volatile
115 Barbados 201.66 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 5.4% rising
116 Kiribati 201.5 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 11.4% falling
117 Tajikistan 201.11 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 52.9% rising
118 Montenegro 200.95 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 5.8% rising
119 Qatar 199.05 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 12.3% volatile
120 Guatemala 198.9 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 7.3% falling
121 Uganda 198.8 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 9.3% flat
122 Turks and Caicos Islands 198.61 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 46.6% volatile
123 Ethiopia 196.98 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 10.0% flat
124 Latvia 196.87 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 2.5% falling
125 Azerbaijan 196.83 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 11.2% falling
127 Mauritius 195.07 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 4.5% rising
128 Italy 194.99 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 6.4% falling
129 Somalia 194.2 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 25.3% rising
130 Benin 193.13 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 16.1% falling
131 Argentina 192.92 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 7.0% falling
132 United States 191.81 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 11.0% falling
133 El Salvador 191.66 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 1.3% falling
134 Sao Tome and Principe 191.11 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 9.6% falling
135 Lithuania 190.94 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 11.9% rising
136 Cape Verde 190.72 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 43.9% volatile
137 Belize 188.74 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 4.3% falling
138 Chile 188.47 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 11.1% falling
139 Greece 188.08 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 31.2% rising
140 Ghana 187.11 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 14.6% falling
141 Aruba 186.91 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 6.3% volatile
142 Thailand 186.34 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 8.1% falling
143 Denmark 185.63 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 10.3% falling
144 Czechia 184.8 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 14.1% falling
145 Guinea 183.94 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 18.9% falling
146 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 183.32 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 10.9% rising
147 Namibia 182.96 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 13.2% falling
148 Oman 182.71 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 12.8% falling
149 Austria 181.9 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 10.4% falling
150 Israel 179.91 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 22.7% falling
151 Slovenia 179.79 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 1.0% falling
152 Colombia 179.54 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 15.4% falling
153 Cote d'Ivoire 177.77 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 15.0% falling
154 Costa Rica 177.38 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 6.0% falling
155 Palestine 176.78 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 2.8% falling
156 United Kingdom 176.71 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 11.1% falling
157 Belarus 174.93 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 19.1% falling
158 Albania 173.66 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 26.4% rising
159 Democratic Republic of Congo 172.92 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 8.4% falling
160 Samoa 168.83 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 2.3% flat
161 Bulgaria 166.84 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 23.9% falling
162 Portugal 165.7 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 15.5% falling
163 Tonga 165.46 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 27.8% falling
164 Georgia 164.64 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 9.9% rising
165 Yemen 164.34 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 40.1% rising
166 Slovakia 163.26 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 13.1% falling
167 Canada 161.62 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 3.5% falling
168 French Polynesia 161.21 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 20.0% rising
169 Djibouti 160.78 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 59.3% rising
170 Nauru 160.12 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 2.5% falling
171 Bahrain 159.63 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 4.0% falling
172 South Korea 159.47 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 15.8% falling
173 Cook Islands 158.88 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 11.7% falling
174 Hungary 158.74 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 11.6% falling
175 Brazil 158.46 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 17.0% falling
176 Seychelles 158.3 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 50.8% rising
177 United Arab Emirates 157.35 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 16.8% volatile
178 Estonia 156.87 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 39.4% falling
179 Spain 155.94 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 14.0% falling
180 Eswatini 149.91 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 8.0% falling
181 Armenia 149.27 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 7.5% rising
182 Uruguay 149 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 3.4% falling
183 Moldova 148.12 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 30.9% falling
184 Vanuatu 145.8 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 33.8% rising
185 Paraguay 144.84 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 3.2% falling
186 Fiji 142.11 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 20.5% flat
187 Montserrat 141.64 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 31.3% falling
188 Mozambique 141.16 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 14.6% falling
189 Belgium 136.25 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 8.5% falling
190 Netherlands 131.13 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 16.3% falling
191 New Zealand 125.88 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 7.9% falling
192 Hong Kong 122.25 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 14.8% falling
193 Norway 121.81 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 16.4% falling
194 Panama 121.36 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 6.5% rising
195 Switzerland 120 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 11.5% falling
196 France 105.64 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 8.6% falling
197 Finland 99.91 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 33.7% falling
198 Bhutan 93.14 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 69.2% volatile
199 Sweden 81.28 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 5.6% falling
200 Macao 75.57 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 29.2% falling
201 Singapore 52.77 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 3.5% volatile
203 Iceland 43.89 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 4.0% falling
204 Antarctica 0 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 volatile

About this data

Indicator
Carbon intensity vs. GDP per capita
Unit
grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour
Source
Global Carbon Budget (2025) and other sources – with major processing by Our World in Data
Licence
CC BY 4.0 (Our World in Data)
Coverage
204 places, 9,804 data points, 1965–2024
Last refreshed

Fossil carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions per unit of total energy supply, measured in grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour.