emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate in Ireland
Ireland: emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate was -12.34 % change on previous year in 2022. ◆ Volatile
Latest (2022)
-12.34 % change on previous year
Change on year
down 715.2%
World rank
218th
of 219 countries
All-time high
135.67 % change on previous year
in 1924
All-time low
-37.39 % change on previous year
in 1960
Years of data
272
1751–2022
emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate in Ireland, 1751–2022
Source: Statizoid (derived). Measured in % change on previous year.
Analysis
In 2022, emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate in Ireland stood at -12.34 % change on previous year.
Compared with earlier readings it is down 715.2% on the previous year and down 305.8% over ten years.
Over the whole period, emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate in Ireland peaked at 135.67 % change on previous year in 1924 and was at its lowest, -37.39 % change on previous year, in 1960.
That places Ireland 218th out of 219 countries with data for 2022, putting it in the bottom quarter.
The series is highly variable year to year, so single readings are best treated with caution.
emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate in Ireland, year by year
| Year | % change on previous year | Change |
|---|---|---|
| 1751 | -0.0821 % change on previous year | — |
| 1752 | -0.0824 % change on previous year | +0.3% |
| 1753 | -0.0828 % change on previous year | +0.6% |
| 1754 | -0.0829 % change on previous year | +0.1% |
| 1755 | -0.0834 % change on previous year | +0.6% |
| 1756 | -0.0836 % change on previous year | +0.3% |
| 1757 | -0.0837 % change on previous year | +0.1% |
| 1758 | -0.0842 % change on previous year | +0.6% |
| 1759 | -0.0844 % change on previous year | +0.3% |
| 1760 | -0.0849 % change on previous year | +0.6% |
| 1761 | -0.085 % change on previous year | +0.1% |
| 1762 | -0.0852 % change on previous year | +0.3% |
| 1763 | -0.0857 % change on previous year | +0.5% |
| 1764 | -0.086 % change on previous year | +0.3% |
| 1765 | -0.0862 % change on previous year | +0.3% |
| 1766 | -0.0863 % change on previous year | +0.1% |
| 1767 | -0.0868 % change on previous year | +0.5% |
| 1768 | -0.0873 % change on previous year | +0.5% |
| 1769 | -0.0873 % change on previous year | +0.1% |
| 1770 | -0.0876 % change on previous year | +0.3% |
| 1771 | 1.11 % change on previous year | -1363.7% |
| 1772 | 1.09 % change on previous year | -1.5% |
| 1773 | 1.08 % change on previous year | -1.4% |
| 1774 | 1.06 % change on previous year | -1.4% |
| 1775 | 1.05 % change on previous year | -1.4% |
| 1776 | 1.03 % change on previous year | -1.4% |
| 1777 | 1.02 % change on previous year | -1.4% |
| 1778 | 1 % change on previous year | -1.4% |
| 1779 | 0.9887 % change on previous year | -1.4% |
| 1780 | 0.9754 % change on previous year | -1.3% |
| 1781 | 1.84 % change on previous year | +88.2% |
| 1782 | 1.8 % change on previous year | -2.2% |
| 1783 | 1.76 % change on previous year | -2.1% |
| 1784 | 1.72 % change on previous year | -2.1% |
| 1785 | 1.69 % change on previous year | -2.1% |
| 1786 | 1.65 % change on previous year | -2.0% |
| 1787 | 1.62 % change on previous year | -2.0% |
| 1788 | 1.59 % change on previous year | -1.9% |
| 1789 | 1.56 % change on previous year | -1.9% |
| 1790 | 1.53 % change on previous year | -1.9% |
| 1791 | 0.6684 % change on previous year | -56.3% |
| 1792 | 0.6614 % change on previous year | -1.0% |
| 1793 | 0.6544 % change on previous year | -1.1% |
| 1794 | 0.6473 % change on previous year | -1.1% |
| 1795 | 0.6406 % change on previous year | -1.0% |
| 1796 | 0.6339 % change on previous year | -1.0% |
| 1797 | 0.6272 % change on previous year | -1.0% |
| 1798 | 0.6207 % change on previous year | -1.0% |
| 1799 | 0.6143 % change on previous year | -1.0% |
| 1800 | 0.608 % change on previous year | -1.0% |
| 1801 | 1.37 % change on previous year | +125.3% |
| 1802 | 1.35 % change on previous year | -1.7% |
| 1803 | 1.32 % change on previous year | -1.7% |
| 1804 | 1.3 % change on previous year | -1.7% |
| 1805 | 1.28 % change on previous year | -1.7% |
| 1806 | 1.26 % change on previous year | -1.6% |
| 1807 | 1.24 % change on previous year | -1.6% |
| 1808 | 1.22 % change on previous year | -1.6% |
| 1809 | 1.2 % change on previous year | -1.6% |
| 1810 | 1.18 % change on previous year | -1.6% |
| 1811 | 1.66 % change on previous year | +40.9% |
| 1812 | 1.63 % change on previous year | -2.0% |
| 1813 | 1.6 % change on previous year | -2.0% |
| 1814 | 1.57 % change on previous year | -1.9% |
| 1815 | 1.54 % change on previous year | -1.9% |
| 1816 | 1.51 % change on previous year | -1.9% |
| 1817 | 1.48 % change on previous year | -1.9% |
| 1818 | 1.45 % change on previous year | -1.8% |
| 1819 | 1.43 % change on previous year | -1.8% |
| 1820 | 1.4 % change on previous year | -1.8% |
| 1821 | 0.8487 % change on previous year | -39.4% |
| 1822 | 0.8381 % change on previous year | -1.3% |
| 1823 | 0.8276 % change on previous year | -1.2% |
| 1824 | 0.8174 % change on previous year | -1.2% |
| 1825 | 0.8075 % change on previous year | -1.2% |
| 1826 | 0.7976 % change on previous year | -1.2% |
| 1827 | 0.7879 % change on previous year | -1.2% |
| 1828 | 0.7785 % change on previous year | -1.2% |
| 1829 | 0.7691 % change on previous year | -1.2% |
| 1830 | 0.7602 % change on previous year | -1.2% |
| 1831 | 0.4903 % change on previous year | -35.5% |
| 1832 | 0.4859 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1833 | 0.4816 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1834 | 0.4773 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1835 | 0.4721 % change on previous year | -1.1% |
| 1836 | 0.468 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1837 | 0.4629 % change on previous year | -1.1% |
| 1838 | 0.4588 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1839 | 0.4548 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1840 | 0.4508 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1841 | -1.94 % change on previous year | -529.6% |
| 1842 | -1.97 % change on previous year | +1.6% |
| 1843 | -2 % change on previous year | +1.7% |
| 1844 | -2.04 % change on previous year | +1.7% |
| 1845 | -2.07 % change on previous year | +1.7% |
| 1846 | -2.11 % change on previous year | +1.8% |
| 1847 | -2.15 % change on previous year | +1.8% |
| 1848 | -2.19 % change on previous year | +1.9% |
| 1849 | -2.23 % change on previous year | +1.9% |
| 1850 | 0.4187 % change on previous year | -118.8% |
| 1851 | -7.46 % change on previous year | -1882.3% |
| 1852 | -2.32 % change on previous year | -68.9% |
| 1853 | -1.83 % change on previous year | -20.9% |
| 1854 | -1.56 % change on previous year | -15.0% |
| 1855 | -0.8894 % change on previous year | -43.0% |
| 1856 | -0.518 % change on previous year | -41.8% |
| 1857 | -0.7016 % change on previous year | +35.4% |
| 1858 | -0.3207 % change on previous year | -54.3% |
| 1859 | -0.339 % change on previous year | +5.7% |
| 1860 | -0.5238 % change on previous year | +54.5% |
| 1861 | -0.4079 % change on previous year | -22.1% |
| 1862 | -0.0905 % change on previous year | -77.8% |
| 1863 | -0.7981 % change on previous year | +781.9% |
| 1864 | -1.1 % change on previous year | +38.1% |
| 1865 | -0.6331 % change on previous year | -42.6% |
| 1866 | -1.05 % change on previous year | +66.0% |
| 1867 | -0.4908 % change on previous year | -53.3% |
| 1868 | -0.2546 % change on previous year | -48.1% |
| 1869 | -0.1926 % change on previous year | -24.3% |
| 1870 | -0.4059 % change on previous year | +110.7% |
| 1871 | -0.2712 % change on previous year | -33.2% |
| 1872 | -0.3393 % change on previous year | +25.1% |
| 1873 | -0.672 % change on previous year | +98.1% |
| 1874 | -0.4141 % change on previous year | -38.4% |
| 1875 | -0.268 % change on previous year | -35.3% |
| 1876 | 0.049 % change on previous year | -118.3% |
| 1877 | 0.1989 % change on previous year | +306.1% |
| 1878 | -0.0033 % change on previous year | -101.7% |
| 1879 | -0.206 % change on previous year | +6061.1% |
| 1880 | 2.35 % change on previous year | -1239.9% |
| 1881 | -0.8809 % change on previous year | -137.5% |
| 1882 | -3.99 % change on previous year | +353.4% |
| 1883 | -1.28 % change on previous year | -67.9% |
| 1884 | -0.809 % change on previous year | -36.8% |
| 1885 | -0.588 % change on previous year | -27.3% |
| 1886 | -0.5392 % change on previous year | -8.3% |
| 1887 | -0.8342 % change on previous year | +54.7% |
| 1888 | -0.9724 % change on previous year | +16.6% |
| 1889 | -0.7651 % change on previous year | -21.3% |
| 1890 | -0.6814 % change on previous year | -10.9% |
| 1891 | -0.6692 % change on previous year | -1.8% |
| 1892 | -0.8286 % change on previous year | +23.8% |
| 1893 | -0.4763 % change on previous year | -42.5% |
| 1894 | -0.3084 % change on previous year | -35.2% |
| 1895 | -0.524 % change on previous year | +69.9% |
| 1896 | -0.3144 % change on previous year | -40.0% |
| 1897 | -0.2005 % change on previous year | -36.2% |
| 1898 | -0.203 % change on previous year | +1.3% |
| 1899 | -0.2841 % change on previous year | +40.0% |
| 1900 | -0.6229 % change on previous year | +119.2% |
| 1901 | -0.9422 % change on previous year | +51.3% |
| 1902 | -0.8356 % change on previous year | -11.3% |
| 1903 | -1.03 % change on previous year | +22.8% |
| 1904 | -0.9781 % change on previous year | -4.7% |
| 1905 | -1.05 % change on previous year | +7.3% |
| 1906 | -0.9777 % change on previous year | -6.8% |
| 1907 | -1.25 % change on previous year | +27.8% |
| 1908 | -1.2 % change on previous year | -4.0% |
| 1909 | -1.19 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1910 | 1.08 % change on previous year | -190.8% |
| 1911 | -4.08 % change on previous year | -477.3% |
| 1912 | -1.97 % change on previous year | -51.7% |
| 1913 | 0.3657 % change on previous year | -118.6% |
| 1914 | -1.79 % change on previous year | -588.9% |
| 1915 | -3.3 % change on previous year | +84.8% |
| 1916 | -2.16 % change on previous year | -34.8% |
| 1917 | -2.12 % change on previous year | -1.4% |
| 1918 | -2.37 % change on previous year | +11.5% |
| 1919 | -0.9255 % change on previous year | -60.9% |
| 1920 | -1.78 % change on previous year | +92.7% |
| 1921 | -29.13 % change on previous year | +1532.7% |
| 1922 | -10.08 % change on previous year | -65.4% |
| 1923 | -3.01 % change on previous year | -70.1% |
| 1924 | 135.67 % change on previous year | -4609.0% |
| 1925 | -7.43 % change on previous year | -105.5% |
| 1926 | 17.84 % change on previous year | -340.1% |
| 1927 | -12.62 % change on previous year | -170.7% |
| 1928 | -3.99 % change on previous year | -68.4% |
| 1929 | 32.1 % change on previous year | -904.0% |
| 1930 | -4.57 % change on previous year | -114.2% |
| 1931 | 1.02 % change on previous year | -122.3% |
| 1932 | -26.76 % change on previous year | -2730.9% |
| 1933 | 27.66 % change on previous year | -203.3% |
| 1934 | 0.5298 % change on previous year | -98.1% |
| 1935 | -0.8586 % change on previous year | -262.1% |
| 1936 | 3.3 % change on previous year | -484.6% |
| 1937 | -0.0609 % change on previous year | -101.8% |
| 1938 | -4.97 % change on previous year | +8066.5% |
| 1939 | 10.35 % change on previous year | -308.1% |
| 1940 | -1.39 % change on previous year | -113.4% |
| 1941 | -20.31 % change on previous year | +1362.8% |
| 1942 | -12.05 % change on previous year | -40.7% |
| 1943 | 2.03 % change on previous year | -116.8% |
| 1944 | -7.79 % change on previous year | -484.0% |
| 1945 | 6.93 % change on previous year | -189.0% |
| 1946 | 13.03 % change on previous year | +87.9% |
| 1947 | 4.15 % change on previous year | -68.1% |
| 1948 | -6.39 % change on previous year | -254.0% |
| 1949 | -3.42 % change on previous year | -46.6% |
| 1950 | 2.64 % change on previous year | -177.3% |
| 1951 | 12.88 % change on previous year | +387.7% |
| 1952 | -5.32 % change on previous year | -141.3% |
| 1953 | -2.5 % change on previous year | -52.9% |
| 1954 | -15.1 % change on previous year | +503.2% |
| 1955 | 24.76 % change on previous year | -264.0% |
| 1956 | -7.69 % change on previous year | -131.0% |
| 1957 | -7.17 % change on previous year | -6.7% |
| 1958 | -19.84 % change on previous year | +176.6% |
| 1959 | 52.37 % change on previous year | -364.0% |
| 1960 | -37.39 % change on previous year | -171.4% |
| 1961 | 5.91 % change on previous year | -115.8% |
| 1962 | -3.89 % change on previous year | -165.9% |
| 1963 | 1.01 % change on previous year | -125.9% |
| 1964 | -0.4201 % change on previous year | -141.6% |
| 1965 | -9.31 % change on previous year | +2116.9% |
| 1966 | 11.97 % change on previous year | -228.5% |
| 1967 | 3.52 % change on previous year | -70.6% |
| 1968 | 15.86 % change on previous year | +350.9% |
| 1969 | -0.9272 % change on previous year | -105.8% |
| 1970 | -7.49 % change on previous year | +708.2% |
| 1971 | 3.44 % change on previous year | -145.9% |
| 1972 | -1.34 % change on previous year | -139.0% |
| 1973 | -5.63 % change on previous year | +320.1% |
| 1974 | 9.23 % change on previous year | -263.8% |
| 1975 | 0.0065 % change on previous year | -99.9% |
| 1976 | 3.85 % change on previous year | +59135.5% |
| 1977 | 6.05 % change on previous year | +57.2% |
| 1978 | -1.25 % change on previous year | -120.6% |
| 1979 | 7.93 % change on previous year | -735.1% |
| 1980 | -1.66 % change on previous year | -121.0% |
| 1981 | 1.94 % change on previous year | -216.8% |
| 1982 | 1.95 % change on previous year | +0.4% |
| 1983 | 1.23 % change on previous year | -36.7% |
| 1984 | -14.68 % change on previous year | -1291.0% |
| 1985 | 4.55 % change on previous year | -131.0% |
| 1986 | 5.62 % change on previous year | +23.5% |
| 1987 | 1.25 % change on previous year | -77.7% |
| 1988 | -1.75 % change on previous year | -240.1% |
| 1989 | 1.72 % change on previous year | -198.2% |
| 1990 | -4.84 % change on previous year | -381.1% |
| 1991 | -2.1 % change on previous year | -56.6% |
| 1992 | -8.85 % change on previous year | +321.0% |
| 1993 | -4.21 % change on previous year | -52.4% |
| 1994 | -8.3 % change on previous year | +96.9% |
| 1995 | -4.75 % change on previous year | -42.8% |
| 1996 | -0.8644 % change on previous year | -81.8% |
| 1997 | -9.36 % change on previous year | +982.9% |
| 1998 | 2.72 % change on previous year | -129.1% |
| 1999 | -13.14 % change on previous year | -583.1% |
| 2000 | -3.44 % change on previous year | -73.8% |
| 2001 | -3.34 % change on previous year | -2.9% |
| 2002 | -4 % change on previous year | +19.7% |
| 2003 | -4.71 % change on previous year | +17.7% |
| 2004 | -1.93 % change on previous year | -59.1% |
| 2005 | 0.8743 % change on previous year | -145.4% |
| 2006 | -6.3 % change on previous year | -820.6% |
| 2007 | -5.68 % change on previous year | -9.9% |
| 2008 | -1.25 % change on previous year | -78.0% |
| 2009 | -5.85 % change on previous year | +369.3% |
| 2010 | -7.06 % change on previous year | +20.6% |
| 2011 | -8.5 % change on previous year | +20.3% |
| 2012 | -3.04 % change on previous year | -64.2% |
| 2013 | -0.3979 % change on previous year | -86.9% |
| 2014 | -7.15 % change on previous year | +1697.3% |
| 2015 | 0.5566 % change on previous year | -107.8% |
| 2016 | -1.94 % change on previous year | -449.0% |
| 2017 | -14.71 % change on previous year | +657.1% |
| 2018 | -2.78 % change on previous year | -81.1% |
| 2019 | -13.32 % change on previous year | +379.7% |
| 2020 | -3.81 % change on previous year | -71.4% |
| 2021 | 2.01 % change on previous year | -152.7% |
| 2022 | -12.34 % change on previous year | -715.2% |
Ireland compared with similar countries
- Ireland's -12.34 % change on previous year is below the median for high income countries, which is -0.2183 % change on previous year, 56.5× the median. (78 countries reporting)
- Ireland's -12.34 % change on previous year is below the median for Europe & Central Asia, which is -1.53 % change on previous year, 8.1× the median. (52 countries reporting)
Biggest year-on-year movements
Years where emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate in Ireland changed far more than this series normally does. A large move can be a real event or a change in how the figure was measured — the source note below says who published it.
| Year | Change | From | To |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1976 | +59135.5% | 0.0065 % change on previous year | 3.85 % change on previous year |
| 1938 | -8066.5% | -0.0609 % change on previous year | -4.97 % change on previous year |
| 1879 | -6061.1% | -0.0033 % change on previous year | -0.206 % change on previous year |
| 1924 | +4609.0% | -3.01 % change on previous year | 135.67 % change on previous year |
| 1932 | -2730.9% | 1.02 % change on previous year | -26.76 % change on previous year |
| 1965 | -2116.9% | -0.4201 % change on previous year | -9.31 % change on previous year |
Averages by decade
| Decade | Average | Lowest | Highest | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1750s | -0.0833 % change on previous year | -0.0844 % change on previous year | -0.0821 % change on previous year | 9 |
| 1760s | -0.0861 % change on previous year | -0.0873 % change on previous year | -0.0849 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1770s | 0.9329 % change on previous year | -0.0876 % change on previous year | 1.11 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1780s | 1.62 % change on previous year | 0.9754 % change on previous year | 1.84 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1790s | 0.7297 % change on previous year | 0.6143 % change on previous year | 1.53 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1800s | 1.21 % change on previous year | 0.608 % change on previous year | 1.37 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1810s | 1.5 % change on previous year | 1.18 % change on previous year | 1.66 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1820s | 0.8673 % change on previous year | 0.7691 % change on previous year | 1.4 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1830s | 0.5012 % change on previous year | 0.4548 % change on previous year | 0.7602 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1840s | -1.82 % change on previous year | -2.23 % change on previous year | 0.4508 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1850s | -1.55 % change on previous year | -7.46 % change on previous year | 0.4187 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1860s | -0.5545 % change on previous year | -1.1 % change on previous year | -0.0905 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1870s | -0.2332 % change on previous year | -0.672 % change on previous year | 0.1989 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1880s | -0.8315 % change on previous year | -3.99 % change on previous year | 2.35 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1890s | -0.449 % change on previous year | -0.8286 % change on previous year | -0.2005 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1900s | -1.01 % change on previous year | -1.25 % change on previous year | -0.6229 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1910s | -1.73 % change on previous year | -4.08 % change on previous year | 1.08 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1920s | 11.76 % change on previous year | -29.13 % change on previous year | 135.67 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1930s | 0.5638 % change on previous year | -26.76 % change on previous year | 27.66 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1940s | -2.52 % change on previous year | -20.31 % change on previous year | 13.03 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1950s | 3.5 % change on previous year | -19.84 % change on previous year | 52.37 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1960s | -1.37 % change on previous year | -37.39 % change on previous year | 15.86 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1970s | 1.48 % change on previous year | -7.49 % change on previous year | 9.23 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1980s | 0.017 % change on previous year | -14.68 % change on previous year | 5.62 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1990s | -5.37 % change on previous year | -13.14 % change on previous year | 2.72 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 2000s | -3.56 % change on previous year | -6.3 % change on previous year | 0.8743 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 2010s | -5.83 % change on previous year | -14.71 % change on previous year | 0.5566 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 2020s | -4.71 % change on previous year | -12.34 % change on previous year | 2.01 % change on previous year | 3 |
Countries ranked near Ireland
More climate change data for Ireland
- Nutrient nitrogen N (total) — Synthetic fertilizers (Agricultural) 320.11 million kg (2050)
- Emissions from livestock — Emissions (CO2eq) 18,098 kt (2050)
- Emissions from livestock — Emissions (CO2eq) from N2O 3,665 kt (2050)
- Emissions from livestock — Emissions (CO2eq) from CH4 14,433 kt (2050)
- Emissions from livestock — Emissions 13.83 kt (2050)
- Emissions from livestock — Emissions 515.47 kt (2050)
- Emissions from crops — Emissions (CO2eq) 1,902 kt (2050)
- Emissions from crops — Emissions (CO2eq) from N2O 1,899 kt (2050)
- Emissions from crops — Emissions (CO2eq) from CH4 2.7 kt (2050)
- Emissions from crops — Emissions 7.17 kt (2050)
Frequently asked questions
- What is emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate in Ireland?
- Emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate in Ireland was -12.34 % change on previous year in 2022, according to Statizoid (derived).
- What is the highest emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate recorded in Ireland?
- The highest recorded value was 135.67 % change on previous year in 1924.
- What is the lowest emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate recorded in Ireland?
- The lowest recorded value was -37.39 % change on previous year in 1960.
- How does Ireland rank for emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate?
- Ireland ranks 218th out of 219 countries with data for 2022.
- Is emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate rising or falling in Ireland?
- Over the last ten years it is down 305.8%. The long-run trend across the full record is volatile.
- Where does this Ireland data come from?
- The figures come from Statizoid (derived), published as part of emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate. Statizoid updates them automatically from the source API.
Download this data
CSV · JSON — 272 observations, free to reuse under Derived by Statizoid from the sources named on the page.
How this figure is calculated
The year-on-year percentage change in emissions of air pollutants. Computed from consecutive annual observations; years either side of a gap are skipped rather than bridged.
Computed from
- emissions of air pollutants Hoesly et al. (2024) – Community Emissions Data System (CEDS) – with major processing by Our World in Data
Statizoid computes this series; the underlying measurements belong to the publishers named above. The arithmetic is applied to every country and year where both inputs report, and nothing is estimated unless the page says so.
About this data
The year-on-year percentage change in emissions of air pollutants. Computed from consecutive annual observations; years either side of a gap are skipped rather than bridged.