emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate in Singapore
Singapore: emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate was 1.39 % change on previous year in 2022. ◆ Volatile
Latest (2022)
1.39 % change on previous year
Change on year
up 361.1%
World rank
70th
of 219 countries
All-time high
260.34 % change on previous year
in 1967
All-time low
-70.29 % change on previous year
in 1966
Years of data
272
1751–2022
emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate in Singapore, 1751–2022
Source: Statizoid (derived). Measured in % change on previous year.
Analysis
In 2022, emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate in Singapore stood at 1.39 % change on previous year.
Compared with earlier readings it is up 361.1% on the previous year and up 171.9% over ten years.
Over the whole period, emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate in Singapore peaked at 260.34 % change on previous year in 1967 and was at its lowest, -70.29 % change on previous year, in 1966.
That places Singapore 70th out of 219 countries with data for 2022, putting it in the middle of the range.
The series is highly variable year to year, so single readings are best treated with caution.
emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate in Singapore, year by year
| Year | % change on previous year | Change |
|---|---|---|
| 1751 | 2.94 % change on previous year | — |
| 1752 | 2.86 % change on previous year | -2.8% |
| 1753 | 2.78 % change on previous year | -2.8% |
| 1754 | 2.7 % change on previous year | -2.7% |
| 1755 | 2.63 % change on previous year | -2.6% |
| 1756 | 2.56 % change on previous year | -2.6% |
| 1757 | 2.5 % change on previous year | -2.5% |
| 1758 | 2.44 % change on previous year | -2.5% |
| 1759 | 2.38 % change on previous year | -2.4% |
| 1760 | 2.33 % change on previous year | -2.3% |
| 1761 | 2.94 % change on previous year | +26.5% |
| 1762 | 2.86 % change on previous year | -2.9% |
| 1763 | 2.78 % change on previous year | -2.8% |
| 1764 | 2.7 % change on previous year | -2.7% |
| 1765 | 2.63 % change on previous year | -2.6% |
| 1766 | 2.56 % change on previous year | -2.6% |
| 1767 | 2.5 % change on previous year | -2.5% |
| 1768 | 2.44 % change on previous year | -2.4% |
| 1769 | 2.38 % change on previous year | -2.4% |
| 1770 | 2.33 % change on previous year | -2.3% |
| 1771 | 2.94 % change on previous year | +26.5% |
| 1772 | 2.86 % change on previous year | -2.9% |
| 1773 | 2.78 % change on previous year | -2.8% |
| 1774 | 2.7 % change on previous year | -2.7% |
| 1775 | 2.63 % change on previous year | -2.6% |
| 1776 | 2.56 % change on previous year | -2.6% |
| 1777 | 2.5 % change on previous year | -2.5% |
| 1778 | 2.44 % change on previous year | -2.4% |
| 1779 | 2.38 % change on previous year | -2.4% |
| 1780 | 2.33 % change on previous year | -2.3% |
| 1781 | 2.94 % change on previous year | +26.5% |
| 1782 | 2.86 % change on previous year | -2.8% |
| 1783 | 2.78 % change on previous year | -2.8% |
| 1784 | 2.7 % change on previous year | -2.7% |
| 1785 | 2.63 % change on previous year | -2.6% |
| 1786 | 2.56 % change on previous year | -2.6% |
| 1787 | 2.5 % change on previous year | -2.5% |
| 1788 | 2.44 % change on previous year | -2.5% |
| 1789 | 2.38 % change on previous year | -2.4% |
| 1790 | 2.33 % change on previous year | -2.3% |
| 1791 | 2.94 % change on previous year | +26.5% |
| 1792 | 2.86 % change on previous year | -2.8% |
| 1793 | 2.78 % change on previous year | -2.8% |
| 1794 | 2.7 % change on previous year | -2.7% |
| 1795 | 2.63 % change on previous year | -2.6% |
| 1796 | 2.56 % change on previous year | -2.6% |
| 1797 | 2.5 % change on previous year | -2.5% |
| 1798 | 2.44 % change on previous year | -2.4% |
| 1799 | 2.38 % change on previous year | -2.4% |
| 1800 | 2.33 % change on previous year | -2.3% |
| 1801 | 2.94 % change on previous year | +26.5% |
| 1802 | 2.86 % change on previous year | -2.9% |
| 1803 | 2.78 % change on previous year | -2.8% |
| 1804 | 2.7 % change on previous year | -2.7% |
| 1805 | 2.63 % change on previous year | -2.6% |
| 1806 | 2.56 % change on previous year | -2.6% |
| 1807 | 2.5 % change on previous year | -2.5% |
| 1808 | 2.44 % change on previous year | -2.4% |
| 1809 | 2.38 % change on previous year | -2.4% |
| 1810 | 2.33 % change on previous year | -2.3% |
| 1811 | 2.94 % change on previous year | +26.5% |
| 1812 | 2.86 % change on previous year | -2.9% |
| 1813 | 2.78 % change on previous year | -2.8% |
| 1814 | 2.7 % change on previous year | -2.7% |
| 1815 | 2.63 % change on previous year | -2.6% |
| 1816 | 2.56 % change on previous year | -2.6% |
| 1817 | 2.5 % change on previous year | -2.5% |
| 1818 | 2.44 % change on previous year | -2.4% |
| 1819 | 2.38 % change on previous year | -2.4% |
| 1820 | 2.33 % change on previous year | -2.3% |
| 1821 | 2.94 % change on previous year | +26.5% |
| 1822 | 2.86 % change on previous year | -2.9% |
| 1823 | 2.78 % change on previous year | -2.8% |
| 1824 | 2.7 % change on previous year | -2.7% |
| 1825 | 2.63 % change on previous year | -2.6% |
| 1826 | 2.56 % change on previous year | -2.6% |
| 1827 | 2.5 % change on previous year | -2.5% |
| 1828 | 2.44 % change on previous year | -2.4% |
| 1829 | 2.38 % change on previous year | -2.4% |
| 1830 | 2.33 % change on previous year | -2.3% |
| 1831 | 2.94 % change on previous year | +26.5% |
| 1832 | 2.86 % change on previous year | -2.9% |
| 1833 | 2.78 % change on previous year | -2.8% |
| 1834 | 2.7 % change on previous year | -2.7% |
| 1835 | 2.63 % change on previous year | -2.6% |
| 1836 | 2.56 % change on previous year | -2.5% |
| 1837 | 2.5 % change on previous year | -2.5% |
| 1838 | 2.44 % change on previous year | -2.4% |
| 1839 | 2.38 % change on previous year | -2.4% |
| 1840 | 2.33 % change on previous year | -2.3% |
| 1841 | 2.94 % change on previous year | +26.5% |
| 1842 | 2.86 % change on previous year | -2.9% |
| 1843 | 2.78 % change on previous year | -2.8% |
| 1844 | 2.7 % change on previous year | -2.7% |
| 1845 | 2.63 % change on previous year | -2.6% |
| 1846 | 2.56 % change on previous year | -2.6% |
| 1847 | 2.5 % change on previous year | -2.5% |
| 1848 | 2.44 % change on previous year | -2.4% |
| 1849 | 2.38 % change on previous year | -2.4% |
| 1850 | 2.33 % change on previous year | -2.4% |
| 1851 | 6.07 % change on previous year | +161.2% |
| 1852 | 5.99 % change on previous year | -1.4% |
| 1853 | 5.91 % change on previous year | -1.3% |
| 1854 | 5.83 % change on previous year | -1.3% |
| 1855 | 5.76 % change on previous year | -1.2% |
| 1856 | 5.69 % change on previous year | -1.2% |
| 1857 | 5.63 % change on previous year | -1.1% |
| 1858 | 5.57 % change on previous year | -1.1% |
| 1859 | 5.51 % change on previous year | -1.0% |
| 1860 | 5.45 % change on previous year | -1.0% |
| 1861 | 5.45 % change on previous year | -0.0% |
| 1862 | 5.38 % change on previous year | -1.4% |
| 1863 | 5.31 % change on previous year | -1.3% |
| 1864 | 5.24 % change on previous year | -1.2% |
| 1865 | 5.18 % change on previous year | -1.2% |
| 1866 | 5.12 % change on previous year | -1.1% |
| 1867 | 5.07 % change on previous year | -1.1% |
| 1868 | 5.02 % change on previous year | -1.0% |
| 1869 | 4.97 % change on previous year | -1.0% |
| 1870 | 4.92 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1871 | 5.45 % change on previous year | +10.8% |
| 1872 | 5.34 % change on previous year | -2.0% |
| 1873 | 5.27 % change on previous year | -1.3% |
| 1874 | 5.21 % change on previous year | -1.2% |
| 1875 | 5.14 % change on previous year | -1.2% |
| 1876 | 5.09 % change on previous year | -1.1% |
| 1877 | 5.03 % change on previous year | -1.1% |
| 1878 | 4.98 % change on previous year | -1.0% |
| 1879 | 4.93 % change on previous year | -1.0% |
| 1880 | 4.89 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1881 | 1.02 % change on previous year | -79.1% |
| 1882 | 6.6 % change on previous year | +547.0% |
| 1883 | 6.52 % change on previous year | -1.1% |
| 1884 | 6.46 % change on previous year | -1.0% |
| 1885 | 6.39 % change on previous year | -1.0% |
| 1886 | 6.33 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1887 | 6.27 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1888 | 6.22 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1889 | 6.17 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1890 | 6.12 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1891 | 2.72 % change on previous year | -55.6% |
| 1892 | 2.66 % change on previous year | -2.2% |
| 1893 | 2.59 % change on previous year | -2.6% |
| 1894 | 2.53 % change on previous year | -2.4% |
| 1895 | 2.47 % change on previous year | -2.3% |
| 1896 | 2.8 % change on previous year | +13.5% |
| 1897 | 2.75 % change on previous year | -1.9% |
| 1898 | 2.7 % change on previous year | -1.8% |
| 1899 | 2.65 % change on previous year | -1.8% |
| 1900 | 2.61 % change on previous year | -1.7% |
| 1901 | 2.43 % change on previous year | -6.7% |
| 1902 | 4.46 % change on previous year | +83.6% |
| 1903 | 4.34 % change on previous year | -2.7% |
| 1904 | 4.23 % change on previous year | -2.6% |
| 1905 | 4.12 % change on previous year | -2.6% |
| 1906 | 4.02 % change on previous year | -2.5% |
| 1907 | 3.92 % change on previous year | -2.4% |
| 1908 | 3.83 % change on previous year | -2.4% |
| 1909 | 3.74 % change on previous year | -2.3% |
| 1910 | 3.65 % change on previous year | -2.3% |
| 1911 | 2.25 % change on previous year | -38.3% |
| 1912 | 2.19 % change on previous year | -2.7% |
| 1913 | 2.14 % change on previous year | -2.4% |
| 1914 | 2.09 % change on previous year | -2.3% |
| 1915 | 2.04 % change on previous year | -2.3% |
| 1916 | 2 % change on previous year | -2.2% |
| 1917 | 1.95 % change on previous year | -2.1% |
| 1918 | 1.91 % change on previous year | -2.1% |
| 1919 | 1.87 % change on previous year | -2.1% |
| 1920 | 1.84 % change on previous year | -2.0% |
| 1921 | 4.68 % change on previous year | +154.6% |
| 1922 | 3.21 % change on previous year | -31.4% |
| 1923 | 3.63 % change on previous year | +13.2% |
| 1924 | 3.46 % change on previous year | -4.7% |
| 1925 | 3.3 % change on previous year | -4.5% |
| 1926 | 1.72 % change on previous year | -47.9% |
| 1927 | 3.05 % change on previous year | +77.1% |
| 1928 | 2.93 % change on previous year | -3.9% |
| 1929 | 1.42 % change on previous year | -51.6% |
| 1930 | 2.73 % change on previous year | +92.8% |
| 1931 | 2.88 % change on previous year | +5.6% |
| 1932 | 0.662 % change on previous year | -77.0% |
| 1933 | 1.05 % change on previous year | +59.2% |
| 1934 | 1.04 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1935 | 1.03 % change on previous year | -1.0% |
| 1936 | 1.02 % change on previous year | -1.0% |
| 1937 | 1.01 % change on previous year | -1.0% |
| 1938 | 1 % change on previous year | -1.1% |
| 1939 | 0.9909 % change on previous year | -1.1% |
| 1940 | 0.9795 % change on previous year | -1.1% |
| 1941 | 1.8 % change on previous year | +83.9% |
| 1942 | 1.57 % change on previous year | -13.0% |
| 1943 | 1.5 % change on previous year | -4.4% |
| 1944 | 1.43 % change on previous year | -4.4% |
| 1945 | 0.1932 % change on previous year | -86.5% |
| 1946 | 1.31 % change on previous year | +579.6% |
| 1947 | -3.43 % change on previous year | -361.4% |
| 1948 | -3.66 % change on previous year | +6.5% |
| 1949 | -3.9 % change on previous year | +6.6% |
| 1950 | 39.82 % change on previous year | -1121.5% |
| 1951 | 16.71 % change on previous year | -58.0% |
| 1952 | 9.14 % change on previous year | -45.3% |
| 1953 | -0.5975 % change on previous year | -106.5% |
| 1954 | 2.28 % change on previous year | -480.9% |
| 1955 | 0.5168 % change on previous year | -77.3% |
| 1956 | -3.17 % change on previous year | -714.1% |
| 1957 | -49.29 % change on previous year | +1453.2% |
| 1958 | -1.37 % change on previous year | -97.2% |
| 1959 | -13.58 % change on previous year | +894.1% |
| 1960 | -15.38 % change on previous year | +13.3% |
| 1961 | -5.8 % change on previous year | -62.3% |
| 1962 | -11.65 % change on previous year | +100.8% |
| 1963 | -8.84 % change on previous year | -24.1% |
| 1964 | -18.85 % change on previous year | +113.2% |
| 1965 | -50.34 % change on previous year | +167.0% |
| 1966 | -70.29 % change on previous year | +39.6% |
| 1967 | 260.34 % change on previous year | -470.4% |
| 1968 | 65.17 % change on previous year | -75.0% |
| 1969 | 27.07 % change on previous year | -58.5% |
| 1970 | 139.1 % change on previous year | +413.9% |
| 1971 | 4.21 % change on previous year | -97.0% |
| 1972 | 18.39 % change on previous year | +336.5% |
| 1973 | 11.65 % change on previous year | -36.6% |
| 1974 | -8.01 % change on previous year | -168.8% |
| 1975 | 5.45 % change on previous year | -168.1% |
| 1976 | 8.18 % change on previous year | +50.0% |
| 1977 | 3.41 % change on previous year | -58.3% |
| 1978 | 7.58 % change on previous year | +122.3% |
| 1979 | 7 % change on previous year | -7.6% |
| 1980 | 4.4 % change on previous year | -37.1% |
| 1981 | 0.1959 % change on previous year | -95.5% |
| 1982 | 5.24 % change on previous year | +2576.6% |
| 1983 | 3.18 % change on previous year | -39.3% |
| 1984 | 4.86 % change on previous year | +52.7% |
| 1985 | -6.19 % change on previous year | -227.4% |
| 1986 | 19.09 % change on previous year | -408.2% |
| 1987 | 3.97 % change on previous year | -79.2% |
| 1988 | 8.74 % change on previous year | +120.1% |
| 1989 | 4 % change on previous year | -54.2% |
| 1990 | 0.9059 % change on previous year | -77.4% |
| 1991 | -3.1 % change on previous year | -442.0% |
| 1992 | 5.02 % change on previous year | -262.0% |
| 1993 | 0.2884 % change on previous year | -94.3% |
| 1994 | 4.97 % change on previous year | +1623.3% |
| 1995 | 11.6 % change on previous year | +133.4% |
| 1996 | 4.79 % change on previous year | -58.7% |
| 1997 | 1.79 % change on previous year | -62.7% |
| 1998 | 2.58 % change on previous year | +44.7% |
| 1999 | 5.6 % change on previous year | +116.8% |
| 2000 | 0.1488 % change on previous year | -97.3% |
| 2001 | 4.43 % change on previous year | +2878.2% |
| 2002 | 4.07 % change on previous year | -8.2% |
| 2003 | 0.6506 % change on previous year | -84.0% |
| 2004 | 7.11 % change on previous year | +993.6% |
| 2005 | 4.86 % change on previous year | -31.7% |
| 2006 | 7.74 % change on previous year | +59.3% |
| 2007 | 8.19 % change on previous year | +5.9% |
| 2008 | 7.16 % change on previous year | -12.6% |
| 2009 | -0.2811 % change on previous year | -103.9% |
| 2010 | 1.57 % change on previous year | -658.5% |
| 2011 | 1.52 % change on previous year | -3.3% |
| 2012 | -1.93 % change on previous year | -227.0% |
| 2013 | -2.37 % change on previous year | +22.9% |
| 2014 | -1.55 % change on previous year | -34.5% |
| 2015 | 4.17 % change on previous year | -369.1% |
| 2016 | 3.76 % change on previous year | -10.0% |
| 2017 | 0.1308 % change on previous year | -96.5% |
| 2018 | -3.82 % change on previous year | -3021.3% |
| 2019 | -4.44 % change on previous year | +16.2% |
| 2020 | -3.64 % change on previous year | -18.0% |
| 2021 | -0.5308 % change on previous year | -85.4% |
| 2022 | 1.39 % change on previous year | -361.1% |
Singapore compared with similar countries
- Singapore's 1.39 % change on previous year is above the median for high income countries, which is -0.2183 % change on previous year. (78 countries reporting)
- Singapore's 1.39 % change on previous year is above the median for East Asia & Pacific, which is -1.94 % change on previous year. (34 countries reporting)
Biggest year-on-year movements
Years where emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate in Singapore changed far more than this series normally does. A large move can be a real event or a change in how the figure was measured — the source note below says who published it.
| Year | Change | From | To |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2018 | -3021.3% | 0.1308 % change on previous year | -3.82 % change on previous year |
| 2001 | +2878.2% | 0.1488 % change on previous year | 4.43 % change on previous year |
| 1982 | +2576.6% | 0.1959 % change on previous year | 5.24 % change on previous year |
| 1994 | +1623.3% | 0.2884 % change on previous year | 4.97 % change on previous year |
| 1957 | -1453.2% | -3.17 % change on previous year | -49.29 % change on previous year |
| 1950 | +1121.5% | -3.9 % change on previous year | 39.82 % change on previous year |
Averages by decade
| Decade | Average | Lowest | Highest | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1750s | 2.64 % change on previous year | 2.38 % change on previous year | 2.94 % change on previous year | 9 |
| 1760s | 2.61 % change on previous year | 2.33 % change on previous year | 2.94 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1770s | 2.61 % change on previous year | 2.33 % change on previous year | 2.94 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1780s | 2.61 % change on previous year | 2.33 % change on previous year | 2.94 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1790s | 2.61 % change on previous year | 2.33 % change on previous year | 2.94 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1800s | 2.61 % change on previous year | 2.33 % change on previous year | 2.94 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1810s | 2.61 % change on previous year | 2.33 % change on previous year | 2.94 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1820s | 2.61 % change on previous year | 2.33 % change on previous year | 2.94 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1830s | 2.61 % change on previous year | 2.33 % change on previous year | 2.94 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1840s | 2.61 % change on previous year | 2.33 % change on previous year | 2.94 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1850s | 5.43 % change on previous year | 2.33 % change on previous year | 6.07 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1860s | 5.22 % change on previous year | 4.97 % change on previous year | 5.45 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1870s | 5.14 % change on previous year | 4.92 % change on previous year | 5.45 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1880s | 5.69 % change on previous year | 1.02 % change on previous year | 6.6 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1890s | 3 % change on previous year | 2.47 % change on previous year | 6.12 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1900s | 3.77 % change on previous year | 2.43 % change on previous year | 4.46 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1910s | 2.21 % change on previous year | 1.87 % change on previous year | 3.65 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1920s | 2.92 % change on previous year | 1.42 % change on previous year | 4.68 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1930s | 1.34 % change on previous year | 0.662 % change on previous year | 2.88 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1940s | -0.2203 % change on previous year | -3.9 % change on previous year | 1.8 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1950s | 0.0456 % change on previous year | -49.29 % change on previous year | 39.82 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1960s | 17.14 % change on previous year | -70.29 % change on previous year | 260.34 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1970s | 19.7 % change on previous year | -8.01 % change on previous year | 139.1 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1980s | 4.75 % change on previous year | -6.19 % change on previous year | 19.09 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1990s | 3.44 % change on previous year | -3.1 % change on previous year | 11.6 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 2000s | 4.41 % change on previous year | -0.2811 % change on previous year | 8.19 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 2010s | -0.296 % change on previous year | -4.44 % change on previous year | 4.17 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 2020s | -0.9292 % change on previous year | -3.64 % change on previous year | 1.39 % change on previous year | 3 |
Countries ranked near Singapore
- 67 Sao Tome and Principe 1.43 % change on previous year compare
- 68 Gambia 1.4 % change on previous year compare
- 69 Zambia 1.4 % change on previous year compare
- 71 Namibia 1.38 % change on previous year compare
- 72 Kenya 1.34 % change on previous year compare
- 73 Moldova 1.3 % change on previous year compare
More climate change data for Singapore
- Nutrient nitrogen N (total) — Synthetic fertilizers (Agricultural) 42,295 kg (2050)
- Emissions from livestock — Emissions (CO2eq) 22.49 kt (2050)
- Emissions from livestock — Emissions (CO2eq) from N2O 19.69 kt (2050)
- Emissions from livestock — Emissions (CO2eq) from CH4 2.8 kt (2050)
- Emissions from livestock — Emissions 0.0743 kt (2050)
- Emissions from livestock — Emissions 0.0999 kt (2050)
- Emissions from crops — Emissions (CO2eq) 0.2385 kt (2050)
- Emissions from crops — Emissions (CO2eq) from N2O 0.2385 kt (2050)
- Emissions from crops — Emissions (CO2eq) from CH4 0 kt (1992)
- Emissions from crops — Emissions 0.0009 kt (2050)
Frequently asked questions
- What is emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate in Singapore?
- Emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate in Singapore was 1.39 % change on previous year in 2022, according to Statizoid (derived).
- What is the highest emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate recorded in Singapore?
- The highest recorded value was 260.34 % change on previous year in 1967.
- What is the lowest emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate recorded in Singapore?
- The lowest recorded value was -70.29 % change on previous year in 1966.
- How does Singapore rank for emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate?
- Singapore ranks 70th out of 219 countries with data for 2022.
- Is emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate rising or falling in Singapore?
- Over the last ten years it is up 171.9%. The long-run trend across the full record is volatile.
- Where does this Singapore data come from?
- The figures come from Statizoid (derived), published as part of emissions of air pollutants, annual growth rate. Statizoid updates them automatically from the source API.
Download this data
CSV · JSON — 272 observations, free to reuse under Derived by Statizoid from the sources named on the page.
How this figure is calculated
The year-on-year percentage change in emissions of air pollutants. Computed from consecutive annual observations; years either side of a gap are skipped rather than bridged.
Computed from
- emissions of air pollutants Hoesly et al. (2024) – Community Emissions Data System (CEDS) – with major processing by Our World in Data
Statizoid computes this series; the underlying measurements belong to the publishers named above. The arithmetic is applied to every country and year where both inputs report, and nothing is estimated unless the page says so.
About this data
The year-on-year percentage change in emissions of air pollutants. Computed from consecutive annual observations; years either side of a gap are skipped rather than bridged.