Air temperature, hot days, tropical nights and icing days - Cities in Espinal
Espinal: Air temperature, hot days, tropical nights and icing days - Cities was -4.23 Degrees celsius in 2025. ◆ Volatile
Air temperature, hot days, tropical nights and icing days - Cities in Espinal, 1981–2025
Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Measured in Degrees celsius.
Analysis
Espinal recorded -4.23 Degrees celsius for air temperature, hot days, tropical nights and icing days - cities in 2025. That is the lowest value across all 45 years on record.
The figure is down 509.5% on the previous year and down 634.5% over ten years.
Over the whole period, air temperature, hot days, tropical nights and icing days - cities in Espinal peaked at 1.43 Degrees celsius in 2019 and was at its lowest, -4.23 Degrees celsius, in 2025.
That places Espinal 1298th out of 1314 regions with data for 2025, putting it in the bottom quarter.
The series is highly variable year to year, so single readings are best treated with caution.
Air temperature, hot days, tropical nights and icing days - Cities in Espinal, year by year
| Year | Degrees celsius | Change |
|---|---|---|
| 1981 | 0.0007 Degrees celsius | — |
| 1982 | 0.1111 Degrees celsius | +16055.4% |
| 1983 | 0.5956 Degrees celsius | +435.9% |
| 1984 | -0.6452 Degrees celsius | -208.3% |
| 1985 | -0.3705 Degrees celsius | -42.6% |
| 1986 | -0.322 Degrees celsius | -13.1% |
| 1987 | 0.5029 Degrees celsius | -256.2% |
| 1988 | -0.3443 Degrees celsius | -168.5% |
| 1989 | -0.4245 Degrees celsius | +23.3% |
| 1990 | 0.2932 Degrees celsius | -169.1% |
| 1991 | -0.0181 Degrees celsius | -106.2% |
| 1992 | 0.3087 Degrees celsius | -1809.7% |
| 1993 | 0.0322 Degrees celsius | -89.6% |
| 1994 | -0.2372 Degrees celsius | -837.2% |
| 1995 | -0.0017 Degrees celsius | -99.3% |
| 1996 | -0.5317 Degrees celsius | +30396.7% |
| 1997 | 0.5561 Degrees celsius | -204.6% |
| 1998 | 0.5008 Degrees celsius | -10.0% |
| 1999 | -0.8045 Degrees celsius | -260.7% |
| 2000 | -0.9083 Degrees celsius | +12.9% |
| 2001 | -0.0331 Degrees celsius | -96.4% |
| 2002 | 0.4753 Degrees celsius | -1533.9% |
| 2003 | 0.5722 Degrees celsius | +20.4% |
| 2004 | 0.4934 Degrees celsius | -13.8% |
| 2005 | 0.4005 Degrees celsius | -18.8% |
| 2006 | 0.1241 Degrees celsius | -69.0% |
| 2007 | -0.0104 Degrees celsius | -108.3% |
| 2008 | -0.5488 Degrees celsius | +5198.8% |
| 2009 | 0.1492 Degrees celsius | -127.2% |
| 2010 | 0.0842 Degrees celsius | -43.5% |
| 2011 | -0.3944 Degrees celsius | -568.1% |
| 2012 | 0.1627 Degrees celsius | -141.3% |
| 2013 | 0.2046 Degrees celsius | +25.7% |
| 2014 | 0.4657 Degrees celsius | +127.6% |
| 2015 | 0.7914 Degrees celsius | +69.9% |
| 2016 | 1.06 Degrees celsius | +34.4% |
| 2017 | 1.04 Degrees celsius | -2.7% |
| 2018 | 0.7133 Degrees celsius | -31.1% |
| 2019 | 1.43 Degrees celsius | +100.3% |
| 2020 | 1.15 Degrees celsius | -19.7% |
| 2021 | 0.0862 Degrees celsius | -92.5% |
| 2022 | -0.2473 Degrees celsius | -387.0% |
| 2023 | 0.7335 Degrees celsius | -396.6% |
| 2024 | 1.03 Degrees celsius | +40.8% |
| 2025 | -4.23 Degrees celsius | -509.5% |
Averages by decade
| Decade | Average | Lowest | Highest | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980s | -0.0996 Degrees celsius | -0.6452 Degrees celsius | 0.5956 Degrees celsius | 9 |
| 1990s | 0.0098 Degrees celsius | -0.8045 Degrees celsius | 0.5561 Degrees celsius | 10 |
| 2000s | 0.0714 Degrees celsius | -0.9083 Degrees celsius | 0.5722 Degrees celsius | 10 |
| 2010s | 0.5555 Degrees celsius | -0.3944 Degrees celsius | 1.43 Degrees celsius | 10 |
| 2020s | -0.2462 Degrees celsius | -4.23 Degrees celsius | 1.15 Degrees celsius | 6 |
More climate change data for Espinal
- Air temperature, hot days, tropical nights and icing days - Cities 20.59 Degrees celsius (2025)
- Climate projections by scenario, 2030–2060 – Cities and FUAs 28.98 Degrees celsius (2060)
- Climate projections by scenario, 2030–2060 – Cities and FUAs 1.35 Degrees celsius (2060)
- Greenhouse gas emissions - Cities and FUAs — GHG emissions from 0.04 Tonnes of CO2-equivalent (2024)
- Greenhouse gas emissions - Cities and FUAs — GHG emissions from 0.01 Tonnes of CO2-equivalent (2024)
- Greenhouse gas emissions - Cities and FUAs — GHG emissions from 0.05 Tonnes of CO2-equivalent (2024)
- Greenhouse gas emissions - Cities and FUAs — GHG emissions from 0.04 Tonnes of CO2-equivalent (2024)
- Greenhouse gas emissions - Cities and FUAs — GHG emissions from power 0 Tonnes of CO2-equivalent (2024)
- Greenhouse gas emissions - Cities and FUAs — GHG emissions from road 0.08 Tonnes of CO2-equivalent (2024)
- Greenhouse gas emissions - Cities and FUAs — GHG emissions total 0.22 Tonnes of CO2-equivalent (2024)
Frequently asked questions
- What is air temperature, hot days, tropical nights and icing days - cities in Espinal?
- Air temperature, hot days, tropical nights and icing days - cities in Espinal was -4.23 Degrees celsius in 2025, according to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
- What is the highest air temperature, hot days, tropical nights and icing days - cities recorded in Espinal?
- The highest recorded value was 1.43 Degrees celsius in 2019.
- What is the lowest air temperature, hot days, tropical nights and icing days - cities recorded in Espinal?
- The lowest recorded value was -4.23 Degrees celsius in 2025.
- How does Espinal rank for air temperature, hot days, tropical nights and icing days - cities?
- Espinal ranks 1298th out of 1314 regions with data for 2025.
- Is air temperature, hot days, tropical nights and icing days - cities rising or falling in Espinal?
- Over the last ten years it is down 634.5%. The long-run trend across the full record is volatile.
- Where does this Espinal data come from?
- The figures come from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, published as part of Air temperature, hot days, tropical nights and icing days - Cities and FUAs — Change in air temperature at 2 meters from 1981–2010 period. Statizoid updates them automatically from the source API.
Download this data
CSV · JSON — 45 observations, free to reuse under OECD Terms and Conditions (attribution required).
About this data
This dataset provides indicators of air temperature, hot days, tropical nights and icing days. Data sources and methodology Indicators are estimated using ERA5-Land data. Air temperature indicators correspond to the average annual air temperature at a height of 2 meters. Hot days correspond to the number of days when the maximum temperature exceeds 35°C. Tropical nights correspond to the days when the minimum temperature is above 20°C, and icing days to the number of days when the maximum temperature is below 0°C. ERA5-Land is used as it provides harmonised, globally consistent coverage at fine spatial resolution (0.1 degree), enabling the production of comparable subnational indicators also where national meteorological data are not available at the required scale. These estimates may differ from official subnational climate statistics due to differences in methodological approaches, such as the use of reanalysis based top down modelling versus in situ observations, along with variations in input data sources, spatial resolution, and the models and algorithms used to generate temperature estimates. Defining FUAs and cities The OECD, in cooperation with the EU, has developed a harmonised definition of functional urban areas (FUAs) to capture the economic and functional reach of cities based on daily commuting patterns (OECD, 2012). FUAs consist of: A city – defined by urban centres in the degree of urbanisation, adapted to the closest local administrative units to define a city. A commuting zone – including all local areas where at least 15% of employed residents work in the city. The delineation process includes: Assigning municipalities surrounded by a single FUA to that FUA. Excluding non-contiguous municipalities. The correspondence table between SAUs and FUAs/cities is available in parquet and csv format. The definition identifies 1 272 FUAs and 1 269 cities in all OECD member countries except Costa Rica and three accession countries. Cite this dataset OECD Regions, cities and local areas database (Air temperature, hot days, tropical nights and icing days - FUAs), http://oe.cd/geostats Further information OECD Local Data Portal OECD Regions and Cities at a Glance For questions and/or comments, please email CitiesStat@oecd.org