Cumulative CO₂ emissions including land-use change, per square kilometre by country
Cumulative CO₂ emissions including land-use change divided by Land area (sq. km), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.
Countries reporting
192
Highest
3.06 million tonnes per square kilometre
Singapore
Lowest
-703.54 tonnes per square kilometre
Sao Tome and Principe
Median
16,455 tonnes per square kilometre
Years covered
63
1961–2023
Data points
10,796
What the numbers show
Cumulative CO₂ emissions including land-use change, per square kilometre is currently reported for 192 countries. The highest value is 3.06 million tonnes per square kilometre in Singapore; the lowest is -703.54 tonnes per square kilometre in Sao Tome and Principe.
The median across all reporting countries is 16,455 tonnes per square kilometre, and the mean is 64,823 tonnes per square kilometre.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 4,354.
Over the past decade 190 countries rose and 2 fell. The largest increase was in Equatorial Guinea (up 197.5%), and the largest decrease in Vanuatu (down 6.2%).
Cumulative CO₂ emissions including land-use change, per square: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Singapore | 3.06 million tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 27.0% | volatile |
| 2 | Bahrain | 1.34 million tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 42.6% | volatile |
| 3 | Belgium | 429,321 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 7.6% | rising |
| 4 | Netherlands | 392,195 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 13.2% | rising |
| 5 | United Kingdom | 328,457 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 5.0% | rising |
| 6 | Malta | 326,553 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 18.8% | volatile |
| 7 | Trinidad and Tobago | 324,045 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 31.2% | volatile |
| 8 | Luxembourg | 298,647 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 13.1% | rising |
| 9 | Germany | 269,983 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 8.1% | rising |
| 10 | Nauru | 250,640 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 12.2% | volatile |
| 11 | Qatar | 214,653 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 72.4% | volatile |
| 12 | Kuwait | 210,236 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 36.2% | volatile |
| 13 | South Korea | 208,934 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 43.9% | volatile |
| 14 | Japan | 202,758 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 17.9% | volatile |
| 15 | Czechia | 154,683 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 8.7% | rising |
| 16 | Barbados | 146,076 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 24.3% | volatile |
| 17 | Denmark | 138,590 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 6.7% | rising |
| 18 | Israel | 119,958 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 30.5% | volatile |
| 19 | Maldives | 105,204 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 125.8% | volatile |
| 20 | Brunei | 95,382 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 27.9% | volatile |
| 21 | Poland | 95,261 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 10.7% | rising |
| 22 | Slovakia | 93,545 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 9.4% | rising |
| 23 | Italy | 87,416 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 14.0% | rising |
| 24 | Switzerland | 85,596 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 12.0% | rising |
| 25 | United Arab Emirates | 78,905 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 60.7% | volatile |
| 26 | Lebanon | 77,228 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 41.0% | volatile |
| 27 | Ukraine | 76,238 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 5.2% | rising |
| 28 | Austria | 71,666 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 12.2% | rising |
| 29 | Mauritius | 66,032 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 50.5% | volatile |
| 30 | France | 65,974 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 9.5% | rising |
| 31 | Hungary | 62,778 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 6.3% | rising |
| 32 | United States | 60,730 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 10.5% | rising |
| 33 | Jamaica | 60,097 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 13.8% | volatile |
| 34 | Malaysia | 59,802 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 23.1% | rising |
| 35 | Slovenia | 59,641 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 16.5% | rising |
| 36 | Liechtenstein | 57,894 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 16.3% | volatile |
| 37 | North Korea | 57,713 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 10.4% | rising |
| 38 | Cuba | 55,602 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 4.5% | rising |
| 39 | Romania | 51,307 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 6.1% | rising |
| 40 | Philippines | 50,524 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 13.8% | rising |
| 41 | Dominican Republic | 50,522 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 14.2% | rising |
| 42 | Belarus | 49,363 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 6.4% | rising |
| 43 | Thailand | 48,535 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 17.5% | rising |
| 44 | Costa Rica | 48,530 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 3.7% | rising |
| 45 | Vietnam | 45,750 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 45.1% | volatile |
| 46 | Bulgaria | 45,747 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 8.0% | rising |
| 47 | Lithuania | 45,598 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 4.2% | rising |
| 48 | Indonesia | 45,202 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 21.0% | rising |
| 49 | Moldova | 43,534 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 0.9% | rising |
| 50 | Estonia | 41,935 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 9.8% | rising |
| 51 | Guatemala | 41,665 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 12.6% | rising |
| 52 | El Salvador | 41,134 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 9.1% | rising |
| 53 | Greece | 40,763 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 9.8% | rising |
| 54 | Serbia | 39,831 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 11.7% | rising |
| 55 | Antigua and Barbuda | 39,068 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 50.9% | volatile |
| 56 | Azerbaijan | 38,538 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 15.0% | rising |
| 57 | Nicaragua | 37,482 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 3.7% | rising |
| 58 | North Macedonia | 37,260 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 9.2% | rising |
| 59 | China | 37,033 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 43.1% | volatile |
| 60 | Ireland | 36,478 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 19.4% | volatile |
| 61 | Sri Lanka | 35,803 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 19.0% | rising |
| 62 | Andorra | 35,559 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 36.3% | volatile |
| 63 | Spain | 35,058 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 15.2% | rising |
| 64 | Portugal | 34,460 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 17.7% | rising |
| 65 | India | 34,438 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 34.7% | rising |
| 66 | Seychelles | 33,611 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 59.2% | volatile |
| 67 | Panama | 33,219 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 6.3% | rising |
| 68 | Croatia | 32,653 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 9.3% | rising |
| 69 | Cote d'Ivoire | 32,007 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 38.8% | rising |
| 70 | Honduras | 31,790 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 7.5% | rising |
| 71 | Haiti | 29,629 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 3.5% | rising |
| 72 | Latvia | 29,400 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 5.2% | rising |
| 73 | Cyprus | 28,715 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 33.6% | volatile |
| 74 | Bangladesh | 27,646 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 40.4% | rising |
| 75 | Saint Lucia | 25,267 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 33.7% | volatile |
| 76 | Turkey | 24,714 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 27.8% | rising |
| 77 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 24,470 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 18.8% | rising |
| 78 | Palau | 24,288 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 23.6% | rising |
| 79 | South Africa | 24,114 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 18.3% | rising |
| 80 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 23,540 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 25.7% | volatile |
| 81 | Ecuador | 23,276 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 11.4% | rising |
| 82 | Finland | 22,052 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 11.5% | rising |
| 83 | Colombia | 21,836 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 6.8% | rising |
| 84 | Marshall Islands | 21,410 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 60.6% | volatile |
| 85 | Albania | 19,864 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 10.9% | rising |
| 86 | Cambodia | 19,522 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 21.8% | rising |
| 87 | New Zealand | 19,325 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 11.5% | rising |
| 88 | Sweden | 18,440 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 6.8% | rising |
| 89 | Sierra Leone | 18,331 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 10.9% | volatile |
| 90 | Mexico | 18,304 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 14.8% | rising |
| 91 | Bhutan | 18,064 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 17.3% | volatile |
| 92 | Bahamas | 17,954 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 15.8% | volatile |
| 93 | Armenia | 17,914 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 16.3% | rising |
| 94 | Nigeria | 17,215 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 11.2% | rising |
| 95 | Grenada | 17,148 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 47.3% | rising |
| 96 | Rwanda | 16,476 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 10.3% | rising |
| 97 | Brazil | 16,434 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 15.6% | rising |
| 98 | Montenegro | 16,389 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 2.6% | falling |
| 99 | Belize | 16,136 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 24.6% | volatile |
| 100 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 16,053 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 72.2% | volatile |
| 101 | Uzbekistan | 15,884 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 17.3% | rising |
| 102 | Venezuela | 15,054 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 11.4% | rising |
| 103 | Benin | 15,026 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 32.8% | volatile |
| 104 | Iran | 13,952 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 46.5% | volatile |
| 105 | Myanmar | 13,811 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 15.8% | rising |
| 106 | Russia | 13,730 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 9.7% | rising |
| 107 | Syria | 13,370 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 13.8% | volatile |
| 108 | Iraq | 12,919 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 48.3% | volatile |
| 109 | Togo | 12,736 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 7.1% | rising |
| 110 | Burundi | 12,544 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 20.3% | rising |
| 111 | Malawi | 12,466 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 12.3% | rising |
| 112 | Palestine | 11,932 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 101.8% | volatile |
| 113 | Ghana | 11,661 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 14.4% | rising |
| 114 | Uganda | 11,612 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 5.4% | rising |
| 115 | Liberia | 11,300 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 33.1% | volatile |
| 116 | Laos | 11,245 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 26.7% | volatile |
| 117 | Democratic Republic of Congo | 11,196 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 36.6% | rising |
| 118 | Guinea | 11,188 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 31.3% | rising |
| 119 | Nepal | 11,164 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 16.2% | rising |
| 120 | Eswatini | 10,970 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 8.4% | rising |
| 121 | Tonga | 10,557 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 30.8% | rising |
| 122 | Chile | 10,404 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 17.0% | rising |
| 123 | Norway | 10,399 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 15.2% | rising |
| 124 | Paraguay | 10,148 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 9.7% | rising |
| 125 | Pakistan | 9,842 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 35.2% | volatile |
| 126 | Tuvalu | 9,525 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 50.0% | volatile |
| 127 | Jordan | 9,382 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 42.6% | volatile |
| 128 | Tunisia | 9,059 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 28.3% | volatile |
| 129 | Madagascar | 8,874 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 7.7% | rising |
| 130 | Saudi Arabia | 8,612 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 54.8% | volatile |
| 131 | Canada | 8,579 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 12.3% | rising |
| 132 | Tanzania | 8,461 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 17.2% | rising |
| 133 | Guinea-Bissau | 8,311 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 17.6% | volatile |
| 134 | Argentina | 8,297 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 16.2% | rising |
| 135 | East Timor | 7,860 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 63.4% | volatile |
| 136 | Morocco | 7,813 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 24.0% | rising |
| 137 | Egypt | 7,579 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 48.5% | volatile |
| 138 | Zimbabwe | 7,555 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 4.5% | rising |
| 139 | Vanuatu | 7,416 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 6.2% | volatile |
| 140 | Solomon Islands | 7,257 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 49.6% | volatile |
| 141 | Gambia | 7,198 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 19.0% | volatile |
| 142 | Comoros | 7,100 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 37.3% | volatile |
| 143 | Kazakhstan | 6,922 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 17.9% | rising |
| 144 | Bolivia | 6,883 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 15.9% | rising |
| 145 | Micronesia (country) | 6,725 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 43.6% | volatile |
| 146 | Zambia | 6,641 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 20.5% | rising |
| 147 | Kyrgyzstan | 6,435 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 8.8% | rising |
| 148 | Ethiopia | 6,311 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 47.5% | rising |
| 149 | Peru | 6,171 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 12.2% | rising |
| 150 | Lesotho | 6,155 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 95.6% | volatile |
| 151 | Cameroon | 6,120 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 15.1% | rising |
| 152 | Turkmenistan | 6,049 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 34.5% | rising |
| 153 | Mozambique | 5,869 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 11.0% | rising |
| 154 | Uruguay | 5,852 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 10.6% | rising |
| 155 | Kenya | 5,436 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 14.4% | volatile |
| 156 | Congo | 5,434 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 15.5% | rising |
| 157 | Fiji | 5,396 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 12.1% | rising |
| 158 | Samoa | 5,230 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 26.3% | rising |
| 159 | Oman | 5,155 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 81.7% | volatile |
| 160 | Cape Verde | 5,075 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 38.8% | volatile |
| 161 | Burkina Faso | 4,816 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 35.5% | volatile |
| 162 | Dominica | 4,713 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 15.1% | rising |
| 163 | Tajikistan | 4,540 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 18.2% | rising |
| 164 | Equatorial Guinea | 4,463 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 197.5% | volatile |
| 165 | Australia | 4,366 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 15.9% | rising |
| 166 | Angola | 4,253 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 22.3% | rising |
| 167 | Gabon | 4,110 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 14.9% | volatile |
| 168 | Senegal | 3,869 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 34.0% | rising |
| 169 | Papua New Guinea | 3,816 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 35.0% | volatile |
| 170 | Georgia | 3,286 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 7.1% | falling |
| 171 | Guyana | 2,919 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 3.6% | rising |
| 172 | Kiribati | 2,786 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 40.9% | volatile |
| 173 | Iceland | 2,682 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 15.9% | rising |
| 174 | Algeria | 2,663 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 38.7% | volatile |
| 175 | South Sudan | 2,595 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 15.7% | rising |
| 176 | Somalia | 1,748 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 27.9% | volatile |
| 177 | Suriname | 1,596 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 19.5% | volatile |
| 178 | Sudan | 1,429 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 17.5% | rising |
| 179 | Libya | 1,413 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 32.0% | volatile |
| 180 | Yemen | 1,391 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 20.1% | volatile |
| 181 | Mali | 1,386 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 31.8% | volatile |
| 182 | Mongolia | 1,302 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 25.5% | rising |
| 183 | Eritrea | 1,253 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 103.0% | volatile |
| 184 | Djibouti | 1,144 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 28.4% | volatile |
| 185 | Central African Republic | 1,132 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 66.2% | rising |
| 186 | Niger | 1,047 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 19.2% | rising |
| 187 | Afghanistan | 893.29 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 35.6% | rising |
| 188 | Chad | 631.17 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 24.7% | volatile |
| 189 | Botswana | 509.43 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 29.8% | volatile |
| 190 | Namibia | 257.18 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 61.5% | volatile |
| 191 | Mauritania | 133.94 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 45.7% | volatile |
| 192 | Sao Tome and Principe | -703.54 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 81.8% | rising |
How this figure is calculated
Cumulative CO₂ emissions including land-use change divided by Land area (sq. km), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.
Cumulative CO₂ emissions including land-use change ÷ Land area (sq. km)
Computed from
- Cumulative CO₂ emissions including land-use change Global Carbon Budget (2025) – with major processing by Our World in Data
- Land area FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
Statizoid computes this series; the underlying measurements belong to the publishers named above. The arithmetic is applied to every country and year where both inputs report, and nothing is estimated unless the page says so.
About this data
Cumulative CO₂ emissions including land-use change divided by Land area (sq. km), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.