Cumulative CO₂ emissions from land-use change, per square kilometre by country
Cumulative CO₂ emissions from land-use change divided by Land area (sq. km), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.
Countries reporting
187
Highest
48,976 tonnes per square kilometre
Philippines
Lowest
-26,114 tonnes per square kilometre
Antigua and Barbuda
Median
6,073 tonnes per square kilometre
Years covered
63
1961–2023
Data points
11,145
What the numbers show
Cumulative CO₂ emissions from land-use change, per square kilometre is currently reported for 187 countries. The highest value is 48,976 tonnes per square kilometre in Philippines; the lowest is -26,114 tonnes per square kilometre in Antigua and Barbuda.
The median across all reporting countries is 6,073 tonnes per square kilometre, and the mean is 10,428 tonnes per square kilometre.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 2.
Over the past decade 134 countries rose and 53 fell. The largest increase was in Palestine (up 2,213.3%), and the largest decrease in Grenada (down 184.9%).
Cumulative CO₂ emissions from land-use change, per square kilometre: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Philippines | 48,976 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 3.5% | rising |
| 2 | Cote d'Ivoire | 45,986 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 22.9% | rising |
| 3 | Sri Lanka | 45,472 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 6.2% | rising |
| 4 | Costa Rica | 44,196 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 0.5% | rising |
| 5 | Thailand | 42,363 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 4.5% | rising |
| 6 | Malaysia | 42,258 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 8.6% | rising |
| 7 | Indonesia | 41,212 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 12.4% | rising |
| 8 | Cuba | 38,578 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 0.1% | rising |
| 9 | Guatemala | 38,562 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 8.5% | rising |
| 10 | Nicaragua | 36,551 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 2.5% | rising |
| 11 | Denmark | 34,345 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1.5% | flat |
| 12 | Dominican Republic | 33,770 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 2.4% | rising |
| 13 | Jamaica | 33,584 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 0.0% | rising |
| 14 | Vietnam | 33,408 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 19.1% | rising |
| 15 | Sierra Leone | 32,425 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 5.3% | rising |
| 16 | Netherlands | 31,839 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 5.6% | rising |
| 17 | El Salvador | 31,793 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 0.3% | rising |
| 18 | Panama | 31,388 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1.8% | rising |
| 19 | Honduras | 30,220 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 4.3% | rising |
| 20 | Bhutan | 29,486 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 8.3% | rising |
| 21 | Singapore | 29,345 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 4.4% | rising |
| 22 | Cambodia | 28,717 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 10.0% | rising |
| 23 | Togo | 28,074 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1.6% | rising |
| 24 | Bangladesh | 28,070 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 4.0% | rising |
| 25 | Haiti | 28,040 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 0.4% | rising |
| 26 | East Timor | 25,555 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 11.4% | rising |
| 27 | Belarus | 25,242 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 0.1% | flat |
| 28 | Myanmar | 25,115 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 6.2% | rising |
| 29 | Ukraine | 23,186 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 0.6% | flat |
| 30 | Guinea | 23,172 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 12.2% | rising |
| 31 | Lithuania | 22,183 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 1.2% | falling |
| 32 | Rwanda | 21,805 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 4.7% | rising |
| 33 | Liberia | 20,439 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 15.4% | rising |
| 34 | Burundi | 20,406 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 10.1% | rising |
| 35 | Brunei | 19,972 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 11.1% | rising |
| 36 | Belize | 19,943 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 17.0% | rising |
| 37 | North Macedonia | 19,729 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1.9% | rising |
| 38 | Slovenia | 19,457 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 9.6% | rising |
| 39 | Ecuador | 19,362 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 4.1% | rising |
| 40 | Colombia | 18,679 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 3.1% | rising |
| 41 | Eswatini | 17,272 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1.7% | rising |
| 42 | Croatia | 16,956 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 2.4% | falling |
| 43 | Ghana | 16,762 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 4.6% | rising |
| 44 | Nepal | 15,604 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 4.3% | rising |
| 45 | Japan | 15,181 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 0.0% | rising |
| 46 | Latvia | 14,804 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 2.2% | falling |
| 47 | Uganda | 14,718 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 2.3% | rising |
| 48 | Montenegro | 14,686 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 12.8% | falling |
| 49 | Albania | 14,370 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1.0% | rising |
| 50 | Brazil | 14,339 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 12.8% | rising |
| 51 | Laos | 14,252 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 12.7% | rising |
| 52 | India | 14,136 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 2.5% | rising |
| 53 | Serbia | 14,061 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 11.5% | falling |
| 54 | Vanuatu | 14,003 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 4.3% | rising |
| 55 | Romania | 13,895 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 2.5% | rising |
| 56 | North Korea | 13,838 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 7.1% | rising |
| 57 | Benin | 13,786 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 30.4% | volatile |
| 58 | United States | 13,745 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 0.8% | rising |
| 59 | Nigeria | 13,714 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 2.9% | rising |
| 60 | United Kingdom | 13,587 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 3.5% | rising |
| 61 | Belgium | 13,516 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 8.9% | rising |
| 62 | Malawi | 13,082 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 10.1% | rising |
| 63 | Trinidad and Tobago | 12,678 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 4.1% | falling |
| 64 | New Zealand | 11,806 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 6.1% | rising |
| 65 | Finland | 11,793 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 8.3% | rising |
| 66 | Democratic Republic of Congo | 11,703 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 34.1% | rising |
| 67 | Madagascar | 11,616 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 5.1% | rising |
| 68 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 11,614 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 1.5% | falling |
| 69 | Slovakia | 11,350 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 9.2% | rising |
| 70 | Guinea-Bissau | 10,998 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 11.8% | rising |
| 71 | Greece | 10,759 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 12.2% | falling |
| 72 | Bulgaria | 10,656 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 5.2% | flat |
| 73 | Paraguay | 9,811 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 7.8% | rising |
| 74 | Tanzania | 9,144 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 13.2% | rising |
| 75 | Gambia | 9,020 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 5.8% | rising |
| 76 | Turkey | 8,925 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 1.2% | rising |
| 77 | China | 8,736 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 2.5% | rising |
| 78 | Zambia | 8,545 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 13.5% | rising |
| 79 | Congo | 8,412 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 6.7% | rising |
| 80 | Barbados | 8,086 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 23.9% | falling |
| 81 | Ethiopia | 7,698 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 32.6% | rising |
| 82 | Bolivia | 7,636 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 10.8% | rising |
| 83 | Solomon Islands | 7,511 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 44.2% | volatile |
| 84 | Lesotho | 7,473 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 43.0% | rising |
| 85 | Azerbaijan | 7,396 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 7.9% | rising |
| 86 | Venezuela | 7,327 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1.7% | rising |
| 87 | Mexico | 7,277 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 0.2% | rising |
| 88 | Cameroon | 7,266 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 9.0% | rising |
| 89 | Switzerland | 7,199 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 0.5% | rising |
| 90 | Comoros | 7,075 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1.8% | rising |
| 91 | Cyprus | 6,717 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 7.1% | falling |
| 92 | Hungary | 6,601 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 13.1% | falling |
| 93 | Russia | 6,553 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 3.1% | rising |
| 94 | Papua New Guinea | 6,073 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 15.7% | rising |
| 95 | Chile | 6,035 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 6.9% | rising |
| 96 | South Africa | 5,953 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 0.4% | rising |
| 97 | Sweden | 5,928 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 3.1% | falling |
| 98 | Angola | 5,914 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 11.2% | rising |
| 99 | Kenya | 5,756 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 6.8% | rising |
| 100 | Zimbabwe | 5,629 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 0.7% | rising |
| 101 | Mozambique | 5,569 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 9.5% | rising |
| 102 | Burkina Faso | 5,485 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 24.4% | rising |
| 103 | Portugal | 5,280 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 2.3% | falling |
| 104 | Samoa | 5,219 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 5.0% | flat |
| 105 | Tonga | 5,134 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 13.2% | rising |
| 106 | Estonia | 5,071 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 2.5% | falling |
| 107 | Argentina | 5,040 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 10.7% | rising |
| 108 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 4,863 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 20.7% | rising |
| 109 | Canada | 4,584 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 5.6% | rising |
| 110 | Peru | 4,570 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 5.4% | rising |
| 111 | Fiji | 4,333 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 3.6% | rising |
| 112 | Sao Tome and Principe | 4,327 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 64.9% | falling |
| 113 | Morocco | 4,271 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1.8% | rising |
| 114 | Gabon | 4,186 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 8.2% | rising |
| 115 | Senegal | 4,184 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 10.1% | rising |
| 116 | Guyana | 4,095 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 3.0% | rising |
| 117 | Spain | 4,084 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 7.4% | falling |
| 118 | Armenia | 3,958 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 4.1% | rising |
| 119 | Monaco | 3,921 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 16.0% | rising |
| 120 | South Korea | 3,753 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 10.1% | falling |
| 121 | Pakistan | 3,683 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1.4% | rising |
| 122 | Tunisia | 3,582 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 0.4% | rising |
| 123 | South Sudan | 3,363 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 10.7% | rising |
| 124 | Ireland | 3,279 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 18.3% | volatile |
| 125 | Dominica | 3,243 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 32.9% | falling |
| 126 | Uruguay | 3,233 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 5.6% | flat |
| 127 | Moldova | 3,099 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 26.4% | falling |
| 128 | Austria | 3,016 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 2.2% | falling |
| 129 | Norway | 2,852 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 6.8% | flat |
| 130 | Syria | 2,711 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 4.7% | falling |
| 131 | San Marino | 2,237 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 38.7% | volatile |
| 132 | Luxembourg | 2,142 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 39.0% | rising |
| 133 | Andorra | 2,128 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 4.3% | volatile |
| 134 | Eritrea | 2,074 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 39.1% | rising |
| 135 | Iceland | 2,020 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1.0% | rising |
| 136 | Kyrgyzstan | 1,940 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 0.4% | flat |
| 137 | Israel | 1,908 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 25.2% | rising |
| 138 | Somalia | 1,848 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 24.5% | rising |
| 139 | Cape Verde | 1,844 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 2.0% | rising |
| 140 | Australia | 1,811 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 4.7% | rising |
| 141 | Lebanon | 1,811 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 3.0% | falling |
| 142 | Mali | 1,624 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 21.7% | volatile |
| 143 | Mongolia | 1,558 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1.8% | rising |
| 144 | Kazakhstan | 1,542 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 2.2% | falling |
| 145 | Poland | 1,517 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 42.3% | falling |
| 146 | Iraq | 1,480 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 6.4% | rising |
| 147 | Niger | 1,475 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 11.2% | rising |
| 148 | Iran | 1,469 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1.3% | rising |
| 149 | Italy | 1,430 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 35.0% | falling |
| 150 | Central African Republic | 1,359 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 48.9% | rising |
| 151 | Sudan | 1,337 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 9.4% | rising |
| 152 | Afghanistan | 1,294 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 6.9% | rising |
| 153 | Saint Lucia | 1,292 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 58.0% | falling |
| 154 | Suriname | 1,037 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 9.6% | rising |
| 155 | Chad | 968.76 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 12.2% | rising |
| 156 | Jordan | 939 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 11.8% | rising |
| 157 | Tajikistan | 908.3 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 12.9% | flat |
| 158 | Uzbekistan | 905.24 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 4.6% | falling |
| 159 | Bahamas | 692.24 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 3.2% | falling |
| 160 | Algeria | 547.75 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 2.3% | rising |
| 161 | Botswana | 505.61 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 0.7% | rising |
| 162 | Namibia | 430.58 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 14.8% | rising |
| 163 | Turkmenistan | 392.18 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1.1% | rising |
| 164 | Egypt | 376.57 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 6.6% | rising |
| 165 | Djibouti | 323.19 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 14.6% | rising |
| 166 | Palestine | 229.64 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 2,213.3% | falling |
| 167 | Mauritius | 163.84 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 133.0% | volatile |
| 168 | Qatar | 128.54 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 23.9% | volatile |
| 169 | Saudi Arabia | 72.16 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 0.9% | volatile |
| 170 | Libya | 65.2 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 2.9% | rising |
| 171 | Mauritania | 55.67 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 5.3% | rising |
| 172 | Germany | 46.7 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 69.0% | volatile |
| 173 | Maldives | 29.51 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 4.6% | rising |
| 174 | United Arab Emirates | 17.43 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 22.8% | volatile |
| 175 | Bahrain | 12.14 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 0.0% | rising |
| 183 | Oman | -9.46 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 52.6% | rising |
| 184 | Yemen | -32.46 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 14.8% | rising |
| 185 | Kuwait | -82.87 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 7.1% | rising |
| 186 | Liechtenstein | -2,178 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 87.9% | volatile |
| 187 | Czechia | -2,785 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 33.3% | volatile |
| 188 | Equatorial Guinea | -3,505 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | up 12.2% | falling |
| 189 | Grenada | -5,192 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 184.9% | volatile |
| 190 | Georgia | -5,334 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 31.8% | falling |
| 191 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | -7,127 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 57.2% | volatile |
| 192 | France | -7,247 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 1.2% | falling |
| 193 | Malta | -16,137 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 9.1% | falling |
| 194 | Antigua and Barbuda | -26,114 tonnes per square kilometre | 2023 | down 3.0% | falling |
How this figure is calculated
Cumulative CO₂ emissions from land-use change divided by Land area (sq. km), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.
Cumulative CO₂ emissions from land-use change ÷ Land area (sq. km)
Computed from
- Cumulative CO₂ emissions from land-use change Global Carbon Budget (2025) – with major processing by Our World in Data
- Land area FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
Statizoid computes this series; the underlying measurements belong to the publishers named above. The arithmetic is applied to every country and year where both inputs report, and nothing is estimated unless the page says so.
About this data
Cumulative CO₂ emissions from land-use change divided by Land area (sq. km), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.