Carbon intensity of energy by country

Fossil carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions per unit of total energy supply, measured in grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour.

Countries reporting
201
Highest
654.25 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour
Lesotho
Lowest
0 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour
Antarctica
Median
211.57 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour
Years covered
60
1965–2024
Data points
9,804

What the numbers show

Carbon intensity of energy is currently reported for 201 countries. The highest value is 654.25 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour in Lesotho; the lowest is 0 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour in Antarctica.

The median across all reporting countries is 211.57 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour, and the mean is 215.6 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour.

Over the past decade 81 countries rose and 119 fell. The largest increase was in Guinea-Bissau (up 148.4%), and the largest decrease in Bhutan (down 69.2%).

Carbon intensity of energy: full country ranking

#Country LatestYear 10-year changeTrend
1 Lesotho 654.25 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 0.4% falling
2 Mongolia 581.69 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 3.9% rising
3 Haiti 418.97 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 82.2% rising
4 New Caledonia 376.29 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 39.6% rising
5 Chad 364.62 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 30.5% rising
6 Congo 361.81 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 83.4% volatile
7 Nepal 356.51 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 10.3% rising
8 Comoros 349.51 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 47.9% rising
9 Gambia 348.91 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 55.9% rising
10 Iraq 347.57 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 20.5% falling
11 Kazakhstan 334.54 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 15.6% rising
12 North Korea 323.31 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 11.3% falling
13 Gabon 314.4 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 10.6% falling
14 South Africa 313.63 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 8.3% falling
15 Suriname 303.34 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 5.2% flat
16 Botswana 301.67 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 15.3% falling
17 Maldives 297.4 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 98.5% volatile
18 India 296.16 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 1.5% rising
19 Vietnam 294.73 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 0.3% falling
20 Cuba 290.07 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 34.8% rising
21 Laos 288.44 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 30.5% rising
22 Senegal 282.09 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 1.6% flat
23 China 278.62 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 8.9% falling
24 Madagascar 275.85 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 28.0% rising
25 Sudan 275.23 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 52.8% flat
26 Cameroon 274.96 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 12.0% falling
27 Afghanistan 274.4 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 16.0% rising
28 Guyana 274.24 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 14.8% falling
29 Syria 272.51 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 3.9% falling
30 Liberia 268.68 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 77.4% rising
31 Indonesia 267.07 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 2.2% falling
32 Mauritania 266.23 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 15.4% volatile
33 Tunisia 265.41 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 4.4% rising
34 Libya 265.01 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 12.2% flat
35 Nigeria 263.78 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 5.2% falling
36 Turkey 263.64 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 0.4% falling
37 Morocco 262.84 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 3.0% rising
38 Burkina Faso 260.09 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 10.0% falling
39 Rwanda 258.62 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 31.2% falling
40 Poland 257.67 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 10.8% falling
41 Saint Helena 257.21 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 1.0% volatile
42 Papua New Guinea 254.84 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 11.5% rising
43 Algeria 253.63 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 2.6% falling
44 Tanzania 252.8 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 6.4% rising
45 Australia 250.79 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 3.2% flat
46 Cambodia 249.72 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 2.8% falling
47 Kuwait 248.31 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 44.8% volatile
48 North Macedonia 247.59 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 11.0% falling
49 Serbia 247.35 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 0.5% falling
50 Bolivia 246.55 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 0.0% falling
51 British Virgin Islands 244.25 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 16.3% falling
52 Uzbekistan 242.56 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 8.6% flat
53 East Timor 240.58 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 16.4% falling
54 Mali 240.38 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 0.6% rising
55 Egypt 239.79 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 1.2% falling
56 Philippines 239.63 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 11.3% falling
57 Eritrea 236.71 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 1.4% rising
58 Jamaica 236.65 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 7.2% falling
59 Ecuador 236.65 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 8.6% falling
60 Dominican Republic 236.61 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 5.2% falling
61 Zambia 236.27 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 23.4% rising
62 Burundi 234.44 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 18.9% falling
63 South Sudan 232.27 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 1.1% rising
64 Cyprus 231.52 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 7.0% flat
65 Niger 229.42 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 0.4% falling
66 Greenland 229.22 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 22.6% falling
67 Bermuda 228.16 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 1.9% flat
68 Honduras 226.54 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 7.3% flat
69 Equatorial Guinea 225.65 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 9.6% volatile
70 Ukraine 225.56 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 7.6% falling
71 Myanmar 225.31 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 49.9% falling
72 Grenada 224.55 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 5.3% falling
73 Peru 224.47 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 4.5% falling
74 Guinea-Bissau 224.45 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 148.4% volatile
75 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 224.41 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 17.0% falling
76 Kenya 224.31 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 14.9% rising
77 Bosnia and Herzegovina 221.98 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 30.6% rising
78 Niue 221.92 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 11.2% falling
79 Saint Kitts and Nevis 221.75 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 0.5% falling
80 Angola 221.64 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 12.3% falling
81 Bahamas 220.81 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 32.3% flat
82 Dominica 220.64 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 4.9% falling
83 Lebanon 219.32 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 16.3% falling
84 Malaysia 219.13 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 3.9% falling
85 Solomon Islands 219.13 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 0.8% falling
86 Taiwan 218.54 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 5.8% falling
87 Malawi 217.64 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 38.5% falling
88 Sri Lanka 217.37 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 1.3% flat
89 Iran 216.16 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 7.3% falling
90 Jordan 215.73 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 16.8% falling
91 Togo 215.58 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 26.4% falling
92 Micronesia (country) 214.52 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 3.8% falling
93 Croatia 214.18 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 3.8% falling
94 Kyrgyzstan 214.06 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 3.7% rising
95 Trinidad and Tobago 214.03 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 4.5% flat
96 Brunei 213.53 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 7.1% falling
97 Antigua and Barbuda 213.35 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 11.7% rising
98 Nicaragua 212.96 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 1.3% falling
99 Romania 212.61 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 8.3% falling
100 Bangladesh 212.27 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 0.3% falling
101 Pakistan 211.57 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 2.7% flat
102 Saudi Arabia 211.04 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 5.7% flat
103 Turkmenistan 210.72 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 6.0% falling
104 Mexico 210.53 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 6.9% falling
105 Japan 208.5 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 12.5% flat
107 Central African Republic 207.6 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 32.6% rising
108 Sierra Leone 205.91 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 7.3% rising
109 Germany 204.73 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 8.1% falling
110 Russia 204.26 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 2.2% falling
111 Venezuela 203.12 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 1.1% falling
112 Saint Lucia 202.98 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 23.8% falling
113 Zimbabwe 202.91 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 24.1% falling
114 Faroe Islands 202.49 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 1.4% volatile
115 Barbados 201.66 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 5.4% rising
116 Kiribati 201.5 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 11.4% falling
117 Tajikistan 201.11 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 52.9% rising
118 Montenegro 200.95 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 5.8% rising
119 Qatar 199.05 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 12.3% volatile
120 Guatemala 198.9 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 7.3% falling
121 Uganda 198.8 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 9.3% flat
122 Turks and Caicos Islands 198.61 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 46.6% volatile
123 Ethiopia 196.98 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 10.0% flat
124 Latvia 196.87 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 2.5% falling
125 Azerbaijan 196.83 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 11.2% falling
127 Mauritius 195.07 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 4.5% rising
128 Italy 194.99 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 6.4% falling
129 Somalia 194.2 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 25.3% rising
130 Benin 193.13 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 16.1% falling
131 Argentina 192.92 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 7.0% falling
132 United States 191.81 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 11.0% falling
133 El Salvador 191.66 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 1.3% falling
134 Sao Tome and Principe 191.11 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 9.6% falling
135 Lithuania 190.94 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 11.9% rising
136 Cape Verde 190.72 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 43.9% volatile
137 Belize 188.74 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 4.3% falling
138 Chile 188.47 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 11.1% falling
139 Greece 188.08 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 31.2% rising
140 Ghana 187.11 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 14.6% falling
141 Aruba 186.91 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 6.3% volatile
142 Thailand 186.34 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 8.1% falling
143 Denmark 185.63 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 10.3% falling
144 Czechia 184.8 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 14.1% falling
145 Guinea 183.94 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 18.9% falling
146 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 183.32 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 10.9% rising
147 Namibia 182.96 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 13.2% falling
148 Oman 182.71 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 12.8% falling
149 Austria 181.9 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 10.4% falling
150 Israel 179.91 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 22.7% falling
151 Slovenia 179.79 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 1.0% falling
152 Colombia 179.54 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 15.4% falling
153 Cote d'Ivoire 177.77 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 15.0% falling
154 Costa Rica 177.38 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 6.0% falling
155 Palestine 176.78 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 2.8% falling
156 United Kingdom 176.71 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 11.1% falling
157 Belarus 174.93 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 19.1% falling
158 Albania 173.66 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 26.4% rising
159 Democratic Republic of Congo 172.92 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 8.4% falling
160 Samoa 168.83 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 2.3% flat
161 Bulgaria 166.84 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 23.9% falling
162 Portugal 165.7 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 15.5% falling
163 Tonga 165.46 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 27.8% falling
164 Georgia 164.64 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 9.9% rising
165 Yemen 164.34 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 40.1% rising
166 Slovakia 163.26 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 13.1% falling
167 Canada 161.62 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 3.5% falling
168 French Polynesia 161.21 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 20.0% rising
169 Djibouti 160.78 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 59.3% rising
170 Nauru 160.12 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 2.5% falling
171 Bahrain 159.63 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 4.0% falling
172 South Korea 159.47 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 15.8% falling
173 Cook Islands 158.88 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 11.7% falling
174 Hungary 158.74 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 11.6% falling
175 Brazil 158.46 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 17.0% falling
176 Seychelles 158.3 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 50.8% rising
177 United Arab Emirates 157.35 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 16.8% volatile
178 Estonia 156.87 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 39.4% falling
179 Spain 155.94 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 14.0% falling
180 Eswatini 149.91 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 8.0% falling
181 Armenia 149.27 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 7.5% rising
182 Uruguay 149 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 3.4% falling
183 Moldova 148.12 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 30.9% falling
184 Vanuatu 145.8 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 33.8% rising
185 Paraguay 144.84 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 3.2% falling
186 Fiji 142.11 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 20.5% flat
187 Montserrat 141.64 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 31.3% falling
188 Mozambique 141.16 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 14.6% falling
189 Belgium 136.25 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 8.5% falling
190 Netherlands 131.13 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 16.3% falling
191 New Zealand 125.88 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 7.9% falling
192 Hong Kong 122.25 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 14.8% falling
193 Norway 121.81 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 16.4% falling
194 Panama 121.36 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 up 6.5% rising
195 Switzerland 120 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 11.5% falling
196 France 105.64 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 8.6% falling
197 Finland 99.91 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 33.7% falling
198 Bhutan 93.14 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 69.2% volatile
199 Sweden 81.28 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 5.6% falling
200 Macao 75.57 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 29.2% falling
201 Singapore 52.77 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 3.5% volatile
203 Iceland 43.89 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 down 4.0% falling
204 Antarctica 0 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour 2024 volatile

About this data

Indicator
Carbon intensity of energy
Unit
grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour
Source
Global Carbon Budget (2025) and other sources – with major processing by Our World in Data
Licence
CC BY 4.0 (Our World in Data)
Coverage
204 places, 9,804 data points, 1965–2024
Last refreshed

Fossil carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions per unit of total energy supply, measured in grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour.