Raw milk of cattle — Emissions intensity by country
The FAOSTAT domain on Emissions intensities contains analytical data on the intensity of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by agricultural commodity. This indicator is defined as greenhouse gas emissions per kg of product. Data are available for a set of agricultural commodities (e.g. rice and other cereals, meat,...
Countries reporting
201
Highest
40.13 kg CO2eq/kg
Papua New Guinea
Lowest
0.1404 kg CO2eq/kg
Israel
Median
1.45 kg CO2eq/kg
Years covered
63
1961–2023
Data points
13,132
What the numbers show
Raw milk of cattle — Emissions intensity is currently reported for 201 countries. The highest value is 40.13 kg CO2eq/kg in Papua New Guinea; the lowest is 0.1404 kg CO2eq/kg in Israel.
The median across all reporting countries is 1.45 kg CO2eq/kg, and the mean is 3.06 kg CO2eq/kg.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 286.
Over the past decade 69 countries rose and 130 fell. The largest increase was in Trinidad and Tobago (up 123.7%), and the largest decrease in Nepal (down 63.8%).
Raw milk of cattle — Emissions intensity: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Papua New Guinea | 40.13 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 1.0% | rising |
| 2 | Côte d'Ivoire | 18.58 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 8.0% | flat |
| 3 | Vanuatu | 17.82 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 2.7% | falling |
| 4 | Lao People's Democratic Republic | 16.5 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 10.9% | rising |
| 5 | Cambodia | 15.77 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 2.7% | falling |
| 6 | Fiji | 14.59 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 58.6% | volatile |
| 7 | Ghana | 14.38 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 4.9% | falling |
| 8 | Burkina Faso | 13.63 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 17.1% | rising |
| 9 | Mali | 13.15 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 20.9% | rising |
| 10 | Melanesia | 13.01 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 32.0% | volatile |
| 11 | Trinidad and Tobago | 12.71 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 123.7% | volatile |
| 12 | Guinea-Bissau | 11.54 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 4.4% | flat |
| 13 | Eritrea | 11.27 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 8.1% | rising |
| 14 | Haiti | 10.3 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 1.0% | falling |
| 15 | Togo | 9.76 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 23.9% | rising |
| 16 | Guinea | 9.39 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 23.8% | falling |
| 17 | Chad | 9.31 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 6.6% | rising |
| 18 | Ethiopia PDR | 9.02 kg CO2eq/kg | 1992 | down 1.6% | falling |
| 19 | Benin | 8.57 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 6.0% | falling |
| 20 | Nigeria | 7.94 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 1.9% | flat |
| 21 | Central African Republic | 7.59 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 15.0% | falling |
| 22 | Madagascar | 6.24 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 3.3% | falling |
| 23 | Eswatini | 6.23 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 2.2% | falling |
| 24 | Niger | 6.1 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 11.1% | falling |
| 25 | Mongolia | 6.05 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 16.1% | falling |
| 26 | Senegal | 5.99 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 26.8% | rising |
| 27 | South Sudan | 5.64 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 5.8% | rising |
| 28 | Djibouti | 5.4 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 0.2% | flat |
| 29 | Mauritania | 5.33 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 0.3% | flat |
| 30 | Brunei Darussalam | 5.29 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 31.2% | falling |
| 31 | Niue | 5.26 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 0.8% | rising |
| 32 | Sudan | 5.14 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 0.2% | flat |
| 33 | Sudan (former) | 5.13 kg CO2eq/kg | 2011 | up 17.1% | rising |
| 34 | Somalia | 4.85 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 0.8% | flat |
| 35 | Myanmar | 4.83 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 0.2% | falling |
| 36 | United Republic of Tanzania | 4.73 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 28.2% | falling |
| 37 | Zimbabwe | 4.36 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 3.0% | falling |
| 38 | Guadeloupe | 4.33 kg CO2eq/kg | 2006 | down 12.5% | falling |
| 39 | Malawi | 4.26 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 4.8% | falling |
| 40 | Namibia | 4.26 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 22.0% | falling |
| 41 | Ethiopia | 4.16 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 29.6% | falling |
| 42 | Samoa | 4.09 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 0.8% | rising |
| 43 | Afghanistan | 3.93 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 29.6% | flat |
| 44 | Polynesia | 3.85 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 17.6% | rising |
| 45 | Angola | 3.78 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 10.8% | flat |
| 46 | Burundi | 3.75 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 17.9% | falling |
| 47 | Rwanda | 3.67 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 29.3% | falling |
| 48 | Iraq | 3.66 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 3.9% | rising |
| 49 | French Guiana | 3.61 kg CO2eq/kg | 2006 | down 17.4% | rising |
| 50 | Yemen | 3.49 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 5.4% | falling |
| 51 | Guatemala | 3.46 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 1.4% | flat |
| 52 | Belize | 3.39 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 34.2% | rising |
| 53 | French Polynesia | 3.33 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 63.1% | falling |
| 54 | Cabo Verde | 3.28 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 4.0% | falling |
| 55 | Malaysia | 3.22 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 12.5% | falling |
| 56 | Cameroon | 3.2 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 3.0% | falling |
| 57 | Grenada | 3.17 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 2.6% | flat |
| 58 | Martinique | 3.11 kg CO2eq/kg | 2006 | down 5.8% | falling |
| 59 | Seychelles | 3.04 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 17.6% | falling |
| 60 | Solomon Islands | 3.03 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 2.5% | falling |
| 61 | Bhutan | 2.86 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 3.1% | falling |
| 62 | Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) | 2.85 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 10.7% | flat |
| 63 | Mozambique | 2.79 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 24.0% | volatile |
| 64 | Tajikistan | 2.7 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 16.3% | falling |
| 65 | Dominica | 2.69 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 0.4% | rising |
| 66 | Antigua and Barbuda | 2.68 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 5.8% | rising |
| 67 | New Caledonia | 2.67 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 32.1% | volatile |
| 68 | Yugoslav SFR | 2.58 kg CO2eq/kg | 1991 | down 7.8% | falling |
| 69 | Tonga | 2.56 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 2.3% | flat |
| 70 | Bahamas | 2.48 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 1.1% | flat |
| 71 | Uganda | 2.45 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 39.5% | falling |
| 72 | Panama | 2.19 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 11.5% | falling |
| 73 | El Salvador | 2.16 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 94.9% | falling |
| 74 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2.12 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 16.2% | falling |
| 75 | Mauritius | 2.05 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 21.6% | rising |
| 76 | Indonesia | 2.05 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 17.9% | falling |
| 77 | Réunion | 2.02 kg CO2eq/kg | 2006 | up 3.4% | falling |
| 78 | Kenya | 2 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 31.5% | falling |
| 79 | Cuba | 1.99 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 16.0% | falling |
| 80 | Caribbean | 1.88 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 0.5% | falling |
| 81 | Nicaragua | 1.87 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 29.2% | falling |
| 82 | Honduras | 1.84 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 0.1% | falling |
| 83 | Saint Lucia | 1.82 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 10.8% | falling |
| 84 | Guyana | 1.81 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 16.0% | falling |
| 85 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 1.8 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 2.5% | falling |
| 86 | Barbados | 1.8 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 8.7% | falling |
| 87 | Costa Rica | 1.78 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 4.3% | falling |
| 88 | Sri Lanka | 1.69 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 40.6% | falling |
| 89 | Dominican Republic | 1.66 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 10.1% | falling |
| 90 | Libya | 1.64 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 8.5% | volatile |
| 91 | United Arab Emirates | 1.6 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 23.2% | volatile |
| 92 | Serbia and Montenegro | 1.59 kg CO2eq/kg | 2005 | down 37.5% | falling |
| 93 | Nepal | 1.56 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 63.8% | falling |
| 94 | Morocco | 1.52 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 18.6% | falling |
| 95 | USSR | 1.51 kg CO2eq/kg | 1991 | down 15.5% | falling |
| 96 | North Macedonia | 1.5 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 0.2% | falling |
| 97 | Liberia | 1.48 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 8.7% | volatile |
| 98 | Albania | 1.47 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 13.8% | volatile |
| 99 | Montenegro | 1.46 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 12.0% | falling |
| 100 | Georgia | 1.45 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 25.7% | falling |
| 101 | Sierra Leone | 1.45 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 7.3% | volatile |
| 102 | Gambia | 1.44 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 6.5% | volatile |
| 103 | Gabon | 1.43 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 5.8% | volatile |
| 104 | Qatar | 1.43 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 1.3% | falling |
| 105 | Zambia | 1.43 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 5.9% | volatile |
| 106 | Congo | 1.42 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 4.7% | falling |
| 107 | Bangladesh | 1.42 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 61.6% | falling |
| 108 | Pakistan | 1.41 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | unchanged | falling |
| 109 | Comoros | 1.4 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 3.5% | falling |
| 110 | Sao Tome and Principe | 1.4 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 3.8% | volatile |
| 111 | Lesotho | 1.34 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 0.2% | volatile |
| 112 | Philippines | 1.34 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 3.0% | falling |
| 113 | Kyrgyzstan | 1.3 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 2.9% | flat |
| 114 | Uzbekistan | 1.25 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 2.6% | falling |
| 115 | Colombia | 1.22 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 48.0% | falling |
| 116 | Serbia | 1.2 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 14.3% | falling |
| 117 | Oman | 1.16 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 60.7% | falling |
| 118 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1.15 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 32.6% | falling |
| 119 | Azerbaijan | 1.14 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 21.9% | falling |
| 120 | Turkmenistan | 1.14 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 11.6% | falling |
| 121 | Paraguay | 1.11 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 0.9% | falling |
| 122 | Democratic People's Republic of Korea | 1.1 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 0.2% | falling |
| 123 | Brazil | 1.08 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 33.9% | falling |
| 124 | Peru | 1.07 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 10.8% | falling |
| 125 | Romania | 1.06 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 0.0% | falling |
| 126 | India | 1.03 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 30.5% | falling |
| 127 | Bulgaria | 1.01 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 10.8% | falling |
| 128 | Kazakhstan | 1.01 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 10.3% | falling |
| 129 | Czechoslovakia | 1.01 kg CO2eq/kg | 1992 | down 11.3% | falling |
| 130 | Bolivia (Plurinational State of) | 1 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 0.9% | falling |
| 131 | Republic of Moldova | 0.9881 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 10.0% | falling |
| 132 | China, mainland | 0.9865 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 4.6% | falling |
| 133 | China | 0.9802 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 4.6% | falling |
| 134 | Ecuador | 0.9752 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 19.2% | falling |
| 135 | Jamaica | 0.9365 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 58.0% | falling |
| 136 | Suriname | 0.9241 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 7.0% | falling |
| 137 | Bahrain | 0.9032 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 0.3% | rising |
| 138 | China, Hong Kong SAR | 0.8867 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | unchanged | falling |
| 139 | Belgium-Luxembourg | 0.8695 kg CO2eq/kg | 1999 | down 21.7% | falling |
| 140 | Iceland | 0.8614 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 8.3% | falling |
| 141 | Malta | 0.8492 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 1.3% | falling |
| 142 | New Zealand | 0.8412 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 15.3% | falling |
| 143 | Ireland | 0.8086 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 16.9% | falling |
| 144 | Uruguay | 0.803 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 8.9% | falling |
| 145 | Armenia | 0.7952 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 20.6% | falling |
| 146 | Viet Nam | 0.793 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 33.9% | falling |
| 147 | Syrian Arab Republic | 0.7898 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 2.1% | falling |
| 148 | Australia and New Zealand | 0.7873 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 12.6% | falling |
| 149 | Algeria | 0.7546 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 0.9% | falling |
| 150 | Slovenia | 0.731 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 16.1% | falling |
| 151 | Croatia | 0.7155 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 34.5% | falling |
| 152 | Türkiye | 0.6971 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 3.8% | falling |
| 153 | Russian Federation | 0.6941 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 25.5% | falling |
| 154 | Austria | 0.6898 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 4.6% | falling |
| 155 | Faroe Islands | 0.6771 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 0.6% | falling |
| 156 | Puerto Rico | 0.6744 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 1.2% | falling |
| 157 | Lithuania | 0.6737 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 23.4% | falling |
| 158 | Belarus | 0.6714 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 19.5% | falling |
| 159 | Thailand | 0.6706 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 1.2% | volatile |
| 160 | Norway | 0.6691 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 1.3% | falling |
| 161 | Italy | 0.6645 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 22.7% | falling |
| 162 | Ukraine | 0.6634 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 18.8% | falling |
| 163 | Switzerland | 0.6551 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 4.9% | falling |
| 164 | Greece | 0.6526 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 34.3% | volatile |
| 165 | Australia | 0.6519 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 8.6% | falling |
| 166 | Egypt | 0.6359 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 37.8% | falling |
| 167 | France | 0.6233 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 14.9% | falling |
| 168 | Chile | 0.619 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 8.6% | falling |
| 169 | Latvia | 0.5781 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 31.5% | falling |
| 170 | Portugal | 0.5633 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 10.5% | volatile |
| 171 | Tunisia | 0.5621 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 23.9% | falling |
| 172 | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 0.552 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 8.2% | falling |
| 173 | Luxembourg | 0.5497 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 24.6% | falling |
| 174 | Canada | 0.5426 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 18.1% | falling |
| 175 | Iran (Islamic Republic of) | 0.5397 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 4.4% | volatile |
| 176 | Belgium | 0.533 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 13.9% | falling |
| 177 | Poland | 0.5264 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 21.9% | falling |
| 178 | Germany | 0.5101 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 19.9% | falling |
| 179 | Spain | 0.5037 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 20.5% | falling |
| 180 | Mexico | 0.4984 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 7.4% | falling |
| 181 | Netherlands (Kingdom of the) | 0.4939 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 19.2% | falling |
| 182 | South Africa | 0.4936 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 13.4% | falling |
| 183 | Finland | 0.4931 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 13.2% | falling |
| 184 | Sweden | 0.4791 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 13.3% | falling |
| 185 | Hungary | 0.4772 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 9.3% | falling |
| 186 | Slovakia | 0.4569 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 19.7% | falling |
| 187 | Denmark | 0.4493 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 15.7% | falling |
| 188 | Estonia | 0.4356 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 25.7% | falling |
| 189 | China, Taiwan Province of | 0.4117 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 14.1% | volatile |
| 190 | Palestine | 0.4042 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 0.7% | flat |
| 191 | Czechia | 0.3739 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 21.3% | falling |
| 192 | Lebanon | 0.3664 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 0.6% | falling |
| 193 | Argentina | 0.3343 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 31.7% | falling |
| 194 | Botswana | 0.3051 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 1.7% | volatile |
| 195 | Japan | 0.297 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 6.8% | falling |
| 196 | Kuwait | 0.2961 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 17.6% | falling |
| 197 | Jordan | 0.2695 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 16.4% | volatile |
| 198 | Republic of Korea | 0.2594 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 1.7% | volatile |
| 199 | Cyprus | 0.2537 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | up 0.1% | falling |
| 200 | Saudi Arabia | 0.1491 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 37.7% | volatile |
| 201 | Israel | 0.1404 kg CO2eq/kg | 2023 | down 15.3% | falling |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- Western Africa 8.07 kg CO2eq/kg
- Middle Africa 5.87 kg CO2eq/kg
- Eastern Africa 3.76 kg CO2eq/kg
- Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 3.55 kg CO2eq/kg
- Low Income Food Deficit Countries (LIFDCs) 3.15 kg CO2eq/kg
- Africa 3.14 kg CO2eq/kg
- Land Locked Developing Countries (LLDCs) 2.49 kg CO2eq/kg
- Net Food Importing Developing Countries (NFIDCs) 2.46 kg CO2eq/kg
- Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 2.15 kg CO2eq/kg
- South-eastern Asia 1.92 kg CO2eq/kg
- Northern Africa 1.75 kg CO2eq/kg
- Central Asia 1.28 kg CO2eq/kg
- Southern Asia 1.13 kg CO2eq/kg
- Asia 1.07 kg CO2eq/kg
- South America 1.01 kg CO2eq/kg
- World 0.947 kg CO2eq/kg
- Eastern Asia 0.9105 kg CO2eq/kg
- Central America 0.8771 kg CO2eq/kg
- Oceania 0.7956 kg CO2eq/kg
- Americas 0.724 kg CO2eq/kg
- Western Asia 0.7099 kg CO2eq/kg
- Southern Africa 0.6925 kg CO2eq/kg
- Southern Europe 0.6876 kg CO2eq/kg
- Eastern Europe 0.6523 kg CO2eq/kg
- Europe 0.6096 kg CO2eq/kg
- Northern Europe 0.5927 kg CO2eq/kg
- European Union (27) 0.5744 kg CO2eq/kg
- Western Europe 0.5546 kg CO2eq/kg
- Northern America 0.5119 kg CO2eq/kg
- United States of America 0.509 kg CO2eq/kg
About this data
The FAOSTAT domain on Emissions intensities contains analytical data on the intensity of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by agricultural commodity. This indicator is defined as greenhouse gas emissions per kg of product. Data are available for a set of agricultural commodities (e.g. rice and other cereals, meat, milk, eggs), by country, with global coverage.